A:

a) Some examples of microcomputers i.e. PC (Personal Computers) are:

>        Desktop PC                                                                                               

>        Laptop PC

>        Tower PC

>        Handheld PC                                                                                                 

>        Palmtop PC

b) An embedded computer or microcontroller is a type computing machine with a specialize microprocessor but is not an independent computer. Some examples of embedded computers are calculators, watches, digital camera, digital television, microwave ovens, photocopiers etc.

A:

a) Some examples of microcomputers i.e. PC (Personal Computers) are:

>        Desktop PC                                                                                               

>        Laptop PC

>        Tower PC

>        Handheld PC                                                                                                 

>        Palmtop PC

b) An embedded computer or microcontroller is a type computing machine with a specialize microprocessor but is not an independent computer. Some examples of embedded computers are calculators, watches, digital camera, digital television, microwave ovens, photocopiers etc.

A:

a)

> Classification of computers based on generation: here we have five main generations which are first, second, third, fourth and fifth generations.

>        Classification of computers based on application: here computers can be grouped into general purpose and dedicated computéis.

NB: Differentiate between general purpose and dedicated computers. (2marks)

General purpose computers are designed to carry out a wide variety of tasks such as word processing, accounting, database etc. while dedicated computers are designed to carry out only one task or job for example weather forecasting.

>        Classification of computers based on data representation: here computers can be grouped into digital, analog and hybrid computers.

>        Classification of computers based on function: here computers can be grouped into centralized computer systems (i.e. resources are centralized on one machine or computer), stand-alone computers (i.e, computers do not share it resources) and distributed computing systems (i.e. each user has access to the computing power of the machine they are using and certain resources can be shared for example files and printing senders.

>        Classification of computers based on size or performance:

b) Supercomputers

Mainframes

Minicomputers

Microcomputers

Embedded computers

A:

a)     i) ENIAC stands for Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator or (Computer).

->First operational electronic digital computer developed for the US Army by John Eckert and John Mauchly.

ii)    UNIVAC refers to Universal Automatic Calculator or Computer.

-> It was the first commercial available electronic computer

b)     The First Generation. ENIAC and UNIVAC are examples of First generation computers.

c)       i) ED VAC stands for Electrical Discrete Variable Automatic Computer

EDSAC stands for Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator or Computer

A:

A:

a)        The mechanical era and the electronic era.

b)        Some characteristics of the mechanical era are:

>      The Abacus was invented — which is an instrument that was used to perform arithmetic calculations. -

>      Invention of the Napier’s bones in 1617 by John Napier. Hie Napier’s bones was a calculating rod that was used to multiply sizeable numbers.

>      Invention of the Pascal's Arithmetic Machine or the Pascaline by Blaise Pascal in 1642. The Pascaline was used to add and Substract numbers.

NB: the Pascaline was one of the first ever machine that could actually do computing.

> invention of the step Reckoner in 1694 by the German Mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Von Leibnitz. — The Step Reckoner was an advanced calculating device which could perform addition and subtraction along with multiplication and division.

>      Introduction of Punched cards by Joseph Jacquard of France is ISOL Punched cards were used by a loom for weaving clothes where it commands the operations of the loom.

NB: the idea of using punched cards to store information was to be used by a number of computers in later years.

c)       The electronic era.

A:

Background idea: British and French Cameroons were territories that were carved out following the partition of German Kamerun by Britain and France because of their failure to establish a condominium in Cameroon after German defeat in 1916. From 1922 to 1945, Britain and France ruled the British and French Cameroons respectively as mandated territories of the League of Nations and from 1945 to 1960/1961; they were administered as trust territories of the UNO. After 1945, the people in the French and British Cameroon started agitating for their independence was attained in 1960 and 1961 respectively. The independence struggles or processes of the decolonization in the British and French Cameroon shared many similarities and differences.
*This essay therefore seeks to examine the similarities and differences that existed in the decolonization processes in Britain and French Cameroons.
A.PART I: The similarities (comparism) existing in the British and French Cameroons decolonization processes were related.

• Both British southern Cameroons and French Cameroons were supervised by the UN and received UN visiting missions in the territory in 1949, 1952, 1955 and 1958.
• Both territories had politicians that were opposed to reunification. This was the case with Andre Marie Mbida in French Cameroon and Dr. EML Endeley of southern Cameroons.
• Both territories had political parties that were strongly in favour of reunification. In southern Cameroons there were the KNDP and OK while in French Cameroon there was the UPC.
• The nationalist of both British Cameroons and French Cameroon had conflicting views on the options of independence. While the KNDP and OK in southern Cameroons supported the Reunification of the two Cameroons, the KNC and KPP advocated intergration with Nigeria. In French Cameroon while the UPC advocated integration with Nigeria. In French Cameroon, while the UPC advocated a radical approach to independence. The BDC stood for gradual and evolutionary approach.
• Both territories took advantage of the effects of world war two in the territory to request for independence.
• To mobilize the people and clamour for independence, both British southern Cameroon and French Cameroon made use of trade unions, pressure groups and political parties.

B.PART II : Contrast OR Differences between the decolonization process in French and British Cameroons.

• The politicians of British southern Cameroon were divided over the political future of the territory making it possible for the UN to impose a plebiscite on February 11, 1961. This was not the case with French Cameroon as the territory gained Independence without a plebiscite organized by the UN.
• The formation of political parties was much earlier in French Cameroon than in British southern Cameroon. In French Cameroon UPC was formed as the first indigenous political party on April 10, 1948, where as in British southern Cameroons the KNC and KPP were formed as the first indigenous political party in 19535 years after the UPC was formed.
• While the quest for nationalism and independence in French Cameroon was very violent, in British southern Cameroons it was more peaceful.
• French Cameroon achieved independence earlier as the  January 1960 unlike British southern Cameroons that achieved independence late on  October 1961, one year after, in Reunification with the republic of Cameroon.
• French Cameroon achieved independence without the organization of a plebiscite. Independence was granted through negotiation meanwhile British southern Cameroons achieved independence through the organization of a plebiscite on 11 February 1961. Two plebiscite questions were posed which read as "Do you wish to achieve independence by joining the independence republic of Cameroon". OR "Do you wish to achieve independence by joining the independence federation of Nigeria."

CONCLUSION:
Summary of the issues raised. Say that after independence, the two Cameroons Reunite to form the federal republic of Cameroon. Former southern Cameroon was to be called west Cameroon and republic of Cameroon was called East Cameroon with Ahmadou Ahidjo as President 1961.

A:

Background idea: British and French Cameroons were territories that were carved out following the partition of German Kamerun by Britain and France because of their failure to establish a condominium in Cameroon after German defeat in 1916. From 1922 to 1945, Britain and France ruled the British and French Cameroons respectively as mandated territories of the League of Nations and from 1945 to 1960/1961; they were administered as trust territories of the UNO. After 1945, the people in the French and British Cameroon started agitating for their independence was attained in 1960 and 1961 respectively. The independence struggles or processes of the decolonization in the British and French Cameroon shared many similarities and differences.
*This essay therefore seeks to examine the similarities and differences that existed in the decolonization processes in Britain and French Cameroons.
A.PART I: The similarities (comparism) existing in the British and French Cameroons decolonization processes were related.

• Both British southern Cameroons and French Cameroons were supervised by the UN and received UN visiting missions in the territory in 1949, 1952, 1955 and 1958.
• Both territories had politicians that were opposed to reunification. This was the case with Andre Marie Mbida in French Cameroon and Dr. EML Endeley of southern Cameroons.
• Both territories had political parties that were strongly in favour of reunification. In southern Cameroons there were the KNDP and OK while in French Cameroon there was the UPC.
• The nationalist of both British Cameroons and French Cameroon had conflicting views on the options of independence. While the KNDP and OK in southern Cameroons supported the Reunification of the two Cameroons, the KNC and KPP advocated intergration with Nigeria. In French Cameroon while the UPC advocated integration with Nigeria. In French Cameroon, while the UPC advocated a radical approach to independence. The BDC stood for gradual and evolutionary approach.
• Both territories took advantage of the effects of world war two in the territory to request for independence.
• To mobilize the people and clamour for independence, both British southern Cameroon and French Cameroon made use of trade unions, pressure groups and political parties.

B.PART II : Contrast OR Differences between the decolonization process in French and British Cameroons.

• The politicians of British southern Cameroon were divided over the political future of the territory making it possible for the UN to impose a plebiscite on February 11, 1961. This was not the case with French Cameroon as the territory gained Independence without a plebiscite organized by the UN.
• The formation of political parties was much earlier in French Cameroon than in British southern Cameroon. In French Cameroon UPC was formed as the first indigenous political party on April 10, 1948, where as in British southern Cameroons the KNC and KPP were formed as the first indigenous political party in 19535 years after the UPC was formed.
• While the quest for nationalism and independence in French Cameroon was very violent, in British southern Cameroons it was more peaceful.
• French Cameroon achieved independence earlier as the  January 1960 unlike British southern Cameroons that achieved independence late on  October 1961, one year after, in Reunification with the republic of Cameroon.
• French Cameroon achieved independence without the organization of a plebiscite. Independence was granted through negotiation meanwhile British southern Cameroons achieved independence through the organization of a plebiscite on 11 February 1961. Two plebiscite questions were posed which read as "Do you wish to achieve independence by joining the independence republic of Cameroon". OR "Do you wish to achieve independence by joining the independence federation of Nigeria."

CONCLUSION:
Summary of the issues raised. Say that after independence, the two Cameroons Reunite to form the federal republic of Cameroon. Former southern Cameroon was to be called west Cameroon and republic of Cameroon was called East Cameroon with Ahmadou Ahidjo as President 1961.

A:

Background idea: British and French Cameroons were territories that were carved out following the partition of German Kamerun by Britain and France because of their failure to establish a condominium in Cameroon after German defeat in 1916. From 1922 to 1945, Britain and France ruled the British and French Cameroons respectively as mandated territories of the League of Nations and from 1945 to 1960/1961; they were administered as trust territories of the UNO. After 1945, the people in the French and British Cameroon started agitating for their independence was attained in 1960 and 1961 respectively. The independence struggles or processes of the decolonization in the British and French Cameroon shared many similarities and differences.
*This essay therefore seeks to examine the similarities and differences that existed in the decolonization processes in Britain and French Cameroons.
A.PART I: The similarities (comparism) existing in the British and French Cameroons decolonization processes were related.

• Both British southern Cameroons and French Cameroons were supervised by the UN and received UN visiting missions in the territory in 1949, 1952, 1955 and 1958.
• Both territories had politicians that were opposed to reunification. This was the case with Andre Marie Mbida in French Cameroon and Dr. EML Endeley of southern Cameroons.
• Both territories had political parties that were strongly in favour of reunification. In southern Cameroons there were the KNDP and OK while in French Cameroon there was the UPC.
• The nationalist of both British Cameroons and French Cameroon had conflicting views on the options of independence. While the KNDP and OK in southern Cameroons supported the Reunification of the two Cameroons, the KNC and KPP advocated intergration with Nigeria. In French Cameroon while the UPC advocated integration with Nigeria. In French Cameroon, while the UPC advocated a radical approach to independence. The BDC stood for gradual and evolutionary approach.
• Both territories took advantage of the effects of world war two in the territory to request for independence.
• To mobilize the people and clamour for independence, both British southern Cameroon and French Cameroon made use of trade unions, pressure groups and political parties.

B.PART II : Contrast OR Differences between the decolonization process in French and British Cameroons.

• The politicians of British southern Cameroon were divided over the political future of the territory making it possible for the UN to impose a plebiscite on February 11, 1961. This was not the case with French Cameroon as the territory gained Independence without a plebiscite organized by the UN.
• The formation of political parties was much earlier in French Cameroon than in British southern Cameroon. In French Cameroon UPC was formed as the first indigenous political party on April 10, 1948, where as in British southern Cameroons the KNC and KPP were formed as the first indigenous political party in 19535 years after the UPC was formed.
• While the quest for nationalism and independence in French Cameroon was very violent, in British southern Cameroons it was more peaceful.
• French Cameroon achieved independence earlier as the  January 1960 unlike British southern Cameroons that achieved independence late on  October 1961, one year after, in Reunification with the republic of Cameroon.
• French Cameroon achieved independence without the organization of a plebiscite. Independence was granted through negotiation meanwhile British southern Cameroons achieved independence through the organization of a plebiscite on 11 February 1961. Two plebiscite questions were posed which read as "Do you wish to achieve independence by joining the independence republic of Cameroon". OR "Do you wish to achieve independence by joining the independence federation of Nigeria."

CONCLUSION:
Summary of the issues raised. Say that after independence, the two Cameroons Reunite to form the federal republic of Cameroon. Former southern Cameroon was to be called west Cameroon and republic of Cameroon was called East Cameroon with Ahmadou Ahidjo as President 1961.

A:

Following the partition of Cameron, the British took her own part of Cameroon and administered directly from Nigeria. British Southern Cameroons was administered from the Southern Region of Nigeria and later as the Eastern Region of Nigeria from 1946. Following constitutional changes in 1952, thirteen southern Cameroonians were elected under the Macpherson constitution to represents the interest of the territory within Nigeria. Out of the thirteen, Dr. E.M. L Endeley was appointed minister of labour in the central house of legislative with capital in Lagos and S.T. Muna was appointed minister of works in the Eastern executive house of Assembly with capital at Enugu. In May 1953, a crisis broke out in the Eastern Regional house of Assembly within the ranks of the NCNC which helped to shaped the political destiny of Southern Cameroons toward a nation hood.
This essay seeks to examine the causes and consequences of the Eastern Regional crisis.

Part 1: Causes or origin of the Eastern Regional Crisis 1953.

• Power struggle between Nnamdi Azikiwe president general of the NCNC and Vice Eyo Ita. Nnamdi Azikiwe demanded for radical constitutional changes and Eyo Ita rejected and wanted gradual constitutional changes. Hence the crisis has just started.
• The request by Nnamdi Azikiwe to Eyo Ita to reshuffled ministers of his cabinet in the government of the Eastern Region rejected by Eyo Ita, caused the crisis. Azikiwe wanted Eyo Ita to dismissed those ministers who were very critical of the regime and replaced them with ministers who were very loyal. Because Eyo ita refused to do so, Azikiwe decided to Mastermind the crisis. Hence crisis.

• Dismissal of S.T. Muna as minister of works and other Ministers in the Eastern Region cause the 1953 crisis in the Eastern Region. Because, Azikiwe could not succeed to influence Eyo Ita to dismiss these ministers in Eyo Ita`s government among which was S.T. Muna, the lone Southern Cameroon minister including Eyo Ita leader of government business in the Eastern Region. This list of the six dismissed ministers was rejected by governor please, governor of the Eastern Region. This, Six Minister refuse to quit their positions and has been describe as the sixth tight ministers.
• The Division or split within members of the NCNC Party. As the crisis continue, members of the NCNC party split into two camps, one camp supporting Azikiwe and the other camp supporting Eyo Ita. This infighting culminated into the Eastern Regional crisis of 1953.
• The support given to Eyo Ita by the Governor of the Eastern region, Governor please cause the crisis.

Part: Consequences of the crisis or how the Eastern Regional crisis shaped the political evolution of Southern Cameroons.

• The crisis led to a split among the 13 Southern Cameroon representatives in Nigeria. That is 9 versus 4 members. The 9 members form the Benevolent Neutrality Bloc aimed to request for separation of southern Cameroon from Nigeria and the 4 Members demanded for continuity within Nigeria.
• The crisis led to the Mamfe conference of May 1953, summon by the thirteen southern Cameroon representatives to decide on the destiny of southern Cameroons within Nigeria. The conference came out with the following decisions. First, a petition was sent to London asking for the separation of Southern Cameroon from Nigeria. Second, they requested for a southern Cameroon house of Assembly that yielded fruit with a total of 13 members.
• The crisis led to the formation of the first political party in southern Cameroons. In June 1953, the 9 members of the Benevolent Neutrality bloc facilitated the merger of CNF and KUNC to form KNC as the pioneer political party of Southern Cameroons requesting for the separation of Southern Cameroon from Nigeria. Mathematically . Other political parties were formed e.g KPP.
• The crisis led to the collapse of the Macpherson constitution after the London conference of 1953 and the introduction of the Lyttleton constitution in 1954, which granted a quasi-regional status for Southern Cameroon.
• The crisis provoked a sense of national unity amongst the Southern Cameroon politicians and students to speak on voice at Mamfe.
• It exposed or complicated the independence process of Southern Cameroons leading to the imposition of the 1961 plebiscite questions on Southern Cameroon like "Do you wish to achieve independence by joining the independent federation of Nigeria"? OR "Do you wish to achieve independence by joining the independence Republic of Cameroon"?

• Lastly, the crisis influenced the results of the 1961 plebiscite as Southern Cameroon voted in favor of reunification with the Republic of Cameroon instead of integration with Nigeria.
  CONCLUSION
  Summarize the main issue raised states some effect.
  

A:

Background idea: With the defeat of the Germans in Cameroon and ultimate failure of the joint Anglo French administration the resultant effects was that Cameroon was partitioned between Britain and France and France  and Britain took 1/5. The British took her portion of Cameroon and later partitioned it into British Northern and southern Cameroons. From 1922 to 1945 British southern Cameroon was attacked to the Eastern region of Nigeria. This attachment into Nigeria encouraged many Nigerians like the Yoruba's, Ibo's to migrate into southern Cameroons as farmers, traders, and teachers. Their activities in southern Cameroon helped to sparked up nationalism in British southern Cameroon.
*The essay therefore will seek to show the role played by the Nigerians in the rise of Nationalism in southern Cameroons and other factors.

BODY OF ESSAY
A.PART I: The role or how the activities of Nigerians in southern Cameroon contributed in the rise of nationalism.

• The Nigerians like Ibos dominated commerce and owned most of the stores and sold at very expensive and discriminatory prices to southern Cameroonians. The Ibo traders forced southern Cameroonians to buy goods against their wishes by merely asking the price or touching it.
• The ibo seized the native lands and sent natives to in fertile lands and equally prevented the natives from growing some foodstuffs like yams.
• The Nigerians disrespected the traditions and customs of the people of southern Cameroons. They refuse to close their doors or to switch off their light whenever the natives of Cameroon organize ritualistic dances that foreigners were not allowed to take part or watch.
• The Nigerians treated the people of southern Cameroons as second class citizens. The behaved like the second colonial masters after Britain. They molested the people to the extent of raping young girls and committing Adultery.
• The Nigerians also dominated the administration of southern Cameroons. They
• dominated the colonial army and civil service. Most of the teachers in southern Cameroon were Nigerians some of whom were not qualified, were rude and brutal towards the Cameroonian children in schools.
• The Nigerians were found in many mischievous activities like adulteration of medicine and wine that was harmful to the people of southern Cameroons.

The above factors created hatred against Nigerians by southern Cameroonians.

B.PART II: Other factors in the rise of nationalism in British southern Cameroons.

• The influence of upc
• British neglected southern Cameroons
• The publication of the Atlantic charter 1946!.
• The activities of pressure groups.
• The role of the UNO.
• The effects of the Second World War.

CONCLUSION
No single factor can adequately explain the rise of nationalism in southern Cameroon. The activities of the Nigerians were one of the many factors. This demand for independence by southern Cameroonians was achieved on  October 1961.

A:

A - PART I: Problem faced by Mbida which Ahidjo inherited.
The U.P.C crisis: The U.P.C crisis posed a very serious threat to Mbida's government. As Mbida opted for a military solution to solve the crisis and rejected by France that wanted but a peaceful solution.

• The question of independence:
  Mbida's stand on the independence of the territory was unpopular. According to him, French Cameroon was not ripe for independence and he held that the territory can only achieve independence after 10 years. This annoyed both the U.P.C and other nationalists in the territory.
• The question of Reunification.
  Mbida was against the Reunification of the two Cameroons whereas almost all political parties were pressing for it.
• Mending the relation with France. Mbida relationship with France was uncordial.He criticize the French for maltreating the Cameroonian workers as well as the flogging of French Cameroonians by French administrators.
• Alleviating the fears of the Northerners. Mbida also faced threat of secession from north when in the Abong bang conference, he declare his intention to partition and democratize North Cameroon as well as transfer of civil servants from the South to the North.
• Providing a political style government. Mbida's government was weak and unstable.

PART II: How Ahidjo handled the problem he inherited from his predecessor (Mbida).

• Mbida failed to resovle the U.P.C terrorism as he refused to negotitate to grant conditional amnesty to the U.P.C. He only insisted in the military solution. The result was that U.P.C terrorism increased
  To tackle this problem, Ahidjo, used reconciliatory method to stop U.P.C terrorism. In 1958, Ahidjo granted a conditional amnesty to the U.P.Cists. Theodore Mayi Matip abandoned terrorist activities and came out of the bush and join Ahidjo's government causing a split with the up cist.
• Mbida had failed to grand immediate independence to French Cameroon. When Ahidjo took over power in February 1958, he started negotiating for independence. He made several trips to France and UN pleading for independence.In 1959, the UNO approved and accepted the independence of the territory. On the  of January 1960, in the presence of UN secretary General Dag Hammarskjold, French Cameroon gained independence as the republic of Cameroon with Ahidjo as president.

• Mbida had rejected the issue of reunification of the two Cameroons. To tackle the problem, Ahidjo accepted the reunification platform. Before the holding of the plebiscite on February 11 1961, Ahidjo had secret talks with Foncha to decide on what form of government to be adopted in case Foncha wins in the plebiscite in favour of reunification. When the plebiscite was held Foncha won and onoctober 1, 1961 British southern Cameroons achieved independence by reunifying with the republic of Cameroon.
• Mbida had strained relations with France. To tackle this problem, when Ahidjo came to power, he repaired the damage by visiting Paris where he promises loyalty and cooperation as this won the French confident.
• Mbida had made Muslims in the North who were preparing to succeed from French Cameroon to join chad or Ubangi chari in his declaration at Abong Mbang to partition north Cameroon and introduce democratization and transferring civil servants from the south to the north. Tackle this problem, Ahidjo cancelled this plan and won the support of the Moslem North and the threat of Northerners to succeed was avoided.
• Ahidjo decided to use military to those up cist leaders who refused to accept the conditional Amnesty. UPC leaders like Dr.Felix moumie were murdered and in 1970's the last trace of UPC Ernest Quandie was eliminated by Ahidjo.

C PART III: Failures of Ahidjo to resolve problems inherited from Mida.

• On the question of reunification Ahidjo failed to bring about the reunification of British northern Cameroon with French Cameroons. IN the plebiscite of 1961, Northern Cameroon voted for intergration with northern Nigeria.
• Ahidjo failed to end the UPC terrorism immediately. UPC terrorism still continued up to 1971 when Ernest Ouandie the last trace of the upc terrorism was executed by Ahidjo forces.
• Though Mbida was accused for his dictatorship, Ahidjo was more of a dictator than Mbida as he ruled by decreases. Ahidjo dictatorship is eminent by keeping a secret police force with underground prisons in places like Kondengui.
• The independence Ahidjo achieved for Cameroon was incomplete. As close ties were still maintained with France in the form of neo colonialism and still existing today.

A:

A.PART I: Contribution or role of the UPC to the independence process of French Cameroon

• The UPC acted as the Genesis of Nationalism in French Cameroon. Its call for immediate independence and reunification created an unquenchable thirst for independence. Besides, a cream of French Cameroonian nationalist was bred with the UPC.
• The formation of the UPC in 1948 encouraged the birth of other political parties. This help to influence nationalist activities in French Cameroon.
• In May 1955, the UPC decided to organize a nationwide strike and rebellion against France in other to force France to listen to their problem. Thus activities of the UPC created insecurity, destruction of French investment. The result was that in 1956, France was forced to introduce the Loi cadre as a reform to the granting of independence to the territory.
• If southern Cameroon gains independence in 1961 in reunification of French Cameroon, was thanks to the awareness keep by the upc party. After its ban in 1955, some of its leaders crossed over to southern Cameroon under banner of one kamerun and pressed for Reunification. Negotiations for reunification were evident in the close collaboration that existed with the KNNP of John Ngu Foncha.'
• The activities of the UPC attracted the attention of the United Nations visiting missions to Cameroon. Such activities include the writing of petitions addresses made in general Assembly of the UN resulted in the dispatch of UN missions to French Cameroon such missions recommended France to accelerate changes and reforms that led to the gradual independence of French Cameroon.
• The upc had newspapers such as "La verite" La voix du people". These newspapers published articles which exposed the evils of French colonial administration in Cameroon and stimulated nationalist sentiments.

B.PART I: Failures or weaknesses of the UPC party.

• The upc failed to take French Cameroon to independence. As in 1955 the party was ban. It was the UC that guided French Cameroon until when independence was achieved on  January, 1960.
• The upc never won an election. In the 1951 and1952 election, the party did not have even a single seat.
• The upc never provided representatives in any of the Assemblies such as ATCAM. And ALCAM to defend the interest of the party towards self-government.

CONCLUSION:
Even though the UPC played a major role in the independence struggle, the party never had the opportunity to gain the independence. It was instead the uc of Ahamadou Ahidjo that adopted the UPC programme and helped gained the independence of French Cameroon in January . This failure was as a result of the death of Um Nyobe semptember 1958 , internal squabbles within the party, French hostility towards the party and limited external support.

A:

A.PART I: Causes of the UPC rebellion of May 1955.

• Alleged election mal-practices. The UPC was very convinced that the 1951-1952 elections had been manipulated by the French administration. Its failure to win even a single seat made the party to conclude that, its goal could only be achieved through a Revolution.
• External Revolutionary influence. The UPC was motivated by the revolutionary ideas and publication of leaders such as Mao Tse Tung and Abdel Nasser. French failure Lu Dien Bien Phu and Algeria also convinced the UPC to use force.
• Economic difficulties. The economic hardship faced by French Cameroonians caused the rebellions. There was increasing urban unemployment, prices of cash crop dropped while the French abandoned several infrastructural projects. This led to general discontent and the uprising of 1955 .
• Catholic hostility towards the UPC. The Roman Catholic Church circulated a pastoral letter during the Easter Sunday of 1955 which qualified the UPC as communist and evident. The letter went ahead to call all its Christians to boycott the party. This caused the u.p.c to adopt a more radical and revolutionary policy to attain its goal.
• The harsh policies of Roland pre the French high commissioner, prepared the grounds of the 1955 rebellion pre constant transfer of u.p.c supporters to remote areas, rallied chiefs and local administrators against the u.p.c and banned its rallies and even prevented the party from using public government buildings for their rallies or meetings. All these actions was just enough for the u.p.c to organize the uprising.

• Increase in marked tolls. The immediate cause of the 19955 UPC rebellions was the  increase in the daily tolls paic for the use of market stalls in Yaounde central market.

With the above stated factors strikes started in Yaounde and later spread to other towns like Douala, Mbanga, and Nkonsamba. The forced Roland pre to authorize the use of soldier to dislodge any u.p.c crowds.
B.PART II: Consequences of the u.p.c Revolts of May, 1955

The May 1955 u.p.c Revolt had the following consequences;

• Human about 26 lives were lost, 21 demonstrators, one gendarme officer and four civilians, two of them being French men.
• Huged material damage. The ATCAM building was destroyed and the railway line between Edea and Yaounde was damaged.
• Ban on the u.p.c party. The u.p.c rebellion led to the ban on the party on July  1955 by Roland pre through the party still continued to exist illegally.
• Exile of u.p.c leaders: following the ban of u.p.c, many of its top leaders like Ernest Ouandie fled French Cameroon to British southern Cameroon after which they were later exile to Guinea, Ghana and Egypt.
• Increased Terrorism. After the uprising, the UPC still resorted to other means like underground, to continue the struggle. Hence guerrilla tactics were implemented. The party henceforth attacked bridges, public building etc up till 1971 when the last traces of the upc Ernest Quandie was finally executed by Ahidjo's government.
• Transfer of UPC to southern Cameroon. The rebellion caused the transfer of the party's activities to British southern Cameroons. The UPC became disguised in southern Cameroon as One Kamerun (ok) in 1957 with Ndze Ntumazza as leader.
• UN fact finding mission arrived in French Cameroon in October 1955 to investigate the causes of the Rebellion. After investigation, the mission called on France to quicken the demonization process in the territory and this led to the Loi cadre of 1956 .

CONCLUSION: Summary of the main issues raised.

A:

A.PART I: How the Brazzaville conference contributed to the granting of the independence of French Cameroon OR How the decisions taken at the conference were implemented.

• In the conference it was decided that France should form a union with its overseas territories. This term was implemented in that, after the conference French Cameroon was made an "Associate Territory of the French union" because of her special status as a trust territory of the nations. Thus meant that all French Cameroonians automatically became citizens of the French union. Therefore the policy of "Differentiation" that is making a distinction between "Citoyen" and "subjects" gradually disappeared.
• The decision that Africans as well as French Cameroonians hence forth should elect their own representatives into the constituent Assembly that they would participate to draw up the constitution of the fourth French republic was highly respected and implemented after the conference. Dr Louis Paul AuJoulat and Alexander Duala manga Bell and in French Cameroon were elected to participate in the drawing of the constitution for the forth French republic. These Cameroonians representatives learned the functioning of a modern parliamentary democracy that led to the political, economic and social advancement of French Cameroon.
• The Brazzaville conference also recommended that local Assemblies hence forth be created in which French Cameroonians are elected as members. In 1946, the first local Assembly called ARCAM with 40 members in which both Cameroonians and the whites were members. In 1952 a new Assembly called ATCAM was created and membership increased to 50. In 1957, ALCAM replaced ATCAM and increased the membership from 50 to 70 . These local assemblies were very significant because many Cameroonians were initiated into political experience some like Ahmadou Ahidjo were to play a great role decolonization of French Cameroon and also gathered the experience to rule French Cameroon at independence from  January 1960.
• It was decided that Brazzaville that trade unions be created to defend the interest of workers. As a result of the recommendation of the Brazzaville conference, a number of trade unions developed. In 1945, union des syndicates confedere du Cameroun (USCC) was formed. This trade union became very critical of French labour laws that exploited French Cameroonians workers. Some of its leaders like UM Nyobe organized strikes to protest against the poor treatment of Cameroonians workers.

• At Brazaville it was decided that, hence forth, forced labour including "prestation, "covee" be abolished. To implement this decision in 1945, France published"Native labour code" as the hirst step towards liberals' principles. The labour code called for the abolition of all forms of forced labour including pretation covee and indiginat these policies gradually disappeared in French Cameroon. Hence facilitating the independence process of French Cameroon.
• The Brazzaville conference recommended that France should allow French Cameroonians to create political parties. On  April 1948 , the first indigenous political party the UPC was born. The party began to demand for immediate independence and immediate reunification, end of French policy of Association and end of exploitation of French Cameroon workers.

B.PART II: Failure of the Brazzaville conference to facilitate the decolonization.

• France continued to maintain its policy of Assimilation and did not envisage independence for French Cameroon. The UPC advocated for the independence of French Cameroon was banned.
• ARCAM was not given the right to make laws. The French high commissioner in French Cameroon could over rule any decision taken by ARCAM.
• Some of the decisions taken at the Brazzaville conference were not implemented immediately. It took a long time for the indigenat prestation and forced labour to disappear in French Cameroon.

CONCLUSION: Summary of the main ideas raised and says that it was thanks to the Brazzaville towards the independence of French Cameroon were provided.

A:

A. PART I: Significance OR how the loi catre satisfies the aspirations of French Cameroonians in the advancements towards independence.

• Introduction of a single electoral college by the stipulations of the loi cadre elections into all assemblies in French Cameroon were hence forth conducted by a single electoral college. This replaces the former system in which there were two colleges. This reform granted French Cameroonian natives’ greater political participation and representation.
• Loi cadre granted Adult universal suffrage to French Cameroonians. This concession immensely increases native participation in the selection of assembly representatives.
• The Loi cadre also enables French Cameroon to establish an executive council. It also gave room for the creation of the post of prime minister who could appoint ministers of his cabinet. It was in line with this, that Andre Marie Mbida rose up to be the prime minister of French Cameroon in 1957.
• The loi cadre provided the birth of ALCAM. By Loi cadre, ATCAM was transformed into ALCAM and the size or members raised from 50 to 70 and the competence to debate bills proposed by the French.
• The loi cadre gave French Cameroon a new status and French Cameroon was recognized as a state under the trusteeship thereby breaking its intimate identification with the French empire.
• The loi cadre granted the chance for French Cameroon to have a national anthem, a motto and a flag. All these constitute symbols of nation hood towards which the territory gradually gained independence in January 1960.
• Loi cadre provided for French Cameroon with an internal self government on  April 1956. Andre Marie mbida formed the first indigenous government in French Cameroon.
  B.PART II: Failure or limitations or how the Loi cadre did not satisfy the aspirations of French Cameroonians.
• The French national assembly still had extensive control and competence over the legislative Assembly (ALCAM) in French Cameroon.
• The appointment of the prime minister by the French high commissioner eliminated the rights of the natives in influencing the internal government.
• Important state affairs concerning defense, foreign affairs and currency matters were exclusively in the hands of the French high commissioner.
• ALCAM could only propose reforms and could not implement them without the consultation of the French national assembly.
• Lastly and most importantly the loi cadre did not grant French Cameroon independent.

CONCLUSION: summary of the main issues raised.

A:

A.PART I:The extent to which France respected the terms of the trusteeship agreement.

• France was to allow freedom of press and worship in her trust territory of French Cameroon. There was press freedom, even through the UPC news papers like La verite; La administration suffered censorship by the colonial administration. The catholics, lutheraus, Adventist freely carry out their evangelization activities.
• France was expected to accelerate political development in French Cameroon. In April 1948, the u.p.c was created in Douala by some trade unionist and was authorized by France to operate. Other political development was the creation of subsequent political parties like Democrates Camerounaise paysant independence. These political parties were allowed by France to participate in the 1951, 1952 and1956 elections.
• Again France was expected to prepare French Cameroon towards independence. As a moved toward self-government France created a good number of Assemblies like ARCAM, ATCAM and ALCAM were French Cameroonians represented. This encouraged the evolution towards independence. As a strict respect of this term France finally granted independence to French Cameroon on the  January 1960 with Ahmadou Ahidjoas president.
• France was expected to promote socio-economic development of French Cameroon. In French Cameroon France strictly respected this term as there was a remarkable socio-economic expansion. The Douala seaport was expanded, the rail way line extended to Yaounde, Basie industries were set up, hotels constructed in Douala and Yaounde.

• France was required to submit annual report on the general state of the territory. This was regularly done, even if the authenticity of the reports may not be guaranteed.
  

B.PART II: How France disrespected the terns of trusteeship agreement.

• France was to respect the native laws and customs. But France with her policy of assimilation did not respect the people's customs. Rather France attempted to transform the natives into Frenchmen. Hence the French manipulated the chieftaincy institutions, disallowed the use of local languages suppressed the traditional dressing and even diet habits.
• Again, France was to maintain peace and order in French Cameroon. The French did not respect this principle as they refuse grant immediate independence and immediate reunification to the UPCist leading to UPC revolts of 1955 .

France to a certain degree violated the UN trusteeship terms that they should be freedom of press and expression. With this term, the French killed Um Nyobe in 1958 to prevent him not to voice the problem of the UPC. The French also banned some UPC news papers like La Varité and equally prevented the party from using public facilities for their meetings.
In conclusion, while some terms of the trusteeship were respected by France, others were not. Generally speaking, conformity to the terms was determined by the French colonial policies. The attainment of independence by French Cameroon on the  January 1960 is indicative that the most important principle of the trusteeship was achieved.

A:

Part I: Reasons for the rise of Mbida or Euphoria surrounding Mbida in 1957 as Prime Minister.

• One of the fundamental reasons for the Euphonia or rise of Mbida in 1957 as Prime Minister of French Cameroon was because of his academic background when compared to the politicians at the time. Intellectually Mbida had a sound educational background over other politicians like Ahidjo his rivals. He had a Diploma in political science. He had studied in France and was seen More appropriate by the French to head the internal self-government of French Cameroon than Ahidjo who was just a trained telegraph Technician from Ecole Primaire superieur Yaounde.
• Mbida had a sound administrative background and experience. He had served the French colonial administration as secretary in many departments. The French saw with him as the only choice because such experience could make him more efficient and reliable than any of his rival. Thus, this surrounded the Euphoria of Mbida accession to power as Prime Minister in 1957.
• Mbida's accession to power in May 1957 was caused by his performances in the election of 1956. His party DC came second with 20 seats out of the 70 seats in the ALCAM. This fair election performance of Mbida greatly urge the French to make him Prime Minister in 1957.
• Mbida's Religious inclination or background also accounted for the rise of Mbida to power. He was a Roman catholic Christian. Unlike Ahidjo who was a Muslim whom the French feared caused by the rebellions, in Algeria. Since France was a
• Roman Catholic Nations, their desire to favor Mbida.
• Also, Mbida's child was the Godson to the French Minister for colonies Louis Jacquinot. Such links as God father to Mbida son greatly contributed to his emergence as First Prime Minister of French Cameroon in May 1957.

Part II: Reasons for the fall of Mbida or why the Euphoria surrounding Mbida's accession as Prime Minister was short-lived.

Unfortunately, the Euphoria surrounding Mbida`s accession to power could no longer continued. His government lasted only for Nine months spanning from May 1957 to February 1958. As he was replaced with Ahidjo. A number of factors accounted for his brief stay in office. These factors would be analyzed below.

• The dictatorial and autocratic policies of Mbida quicken his stay in power. Mbida adopted an authoritarian and arbitrary style of running the government. He frequently took major decisions in his government without consulting or take advice from members of his government. With this, he antagonized his political supporters to such an extent that few regretted his departure.
• The resignation of some ministers from Mbida's government was the immediate blow to the fall of Mbida in February 1958. Following Mbida's ten (10years) program published on  January 1958 without independence and reunification which were the popular options at the time was rejected or opposed by some of his ministers such as Ahidjo and choose to resigned. Mbida went ahead to replaced them with members of his party which Jean Ramadier refused to endorse this new cabinet of ministers. This culminated to the dismissal of Mbida in February 1958.

• Mbida's ideas on the political future of French Cameroon was highly unpopular. Mbida insisted that French Cameroon was not yet ripe for independence and committed another great error by opposing the reunification of Cameroon which almost all the political groups at the time supported. Thus, his downfall.
• Mbida's inability to handle the UPC terrorism. He instead opted for military solution to resolve the problem but unfortunately for him, the French and many other ministers in his government wanted a political dialogue with the UPC members. He refused to grant conditional amnesty to the UPC militants. This antagonism of Mbida on the UPC contributed greatly to his downfall.
• Mbida's proclamation at the DC congress at Abong-Mbang facilitated for his down fall. In this meeting, he offended the Moslem ministers and the rest of Moslem community in the north by calling for democratization of the north. He equally promises to transfer civil servants from the south to north Cameroon. This proclamation caused the northerners to decide seceding to join Chad or Ubangi chari. Hence his down fall.
  Conclusion
  Summarize the main issues raised and say he was replaced with Ahidjo in 1958.

A:

Part I: Reasons for the rise of Mbida or Euphoria surrounding Mbida in 1957 as Prime Minister.

• One of the fundamental reasons for the Euphonia or rise of Mbida in 1957 as Prime Minister of French Cameroon was because of his academic background when compared to the politicians at the time. Intellectually Mbida had a sound educational background over other politicians like Ahidjo his rivals. He had a Diploma in political science. He had studied in France and was seen More appropriate by the French to head the internal self-government of French Cameroon than Ahidjo who was just a trained telegraph Technician from Ecole Primaire superieur Yaounde.
• Mbida had a sound administrative background and experience. He had served the French colonial administration as secretary in many departments. The French saw with him as the only choice because such experience could make him more efficient and reliable than any of his rival. Thus, this surrounded the Euphoria of Mbida accession to power as Prime Minister in 1957.
• Mbida's accession to power in May 1957 was caused by his performances in the election of 1956. His party DC came second with 20 seats out of the 70 seats in the ALCAM. This fair election performance of Mbida greatly urge the French to make him Prime Minister in 1957.
• Mbida's Religious inclination or background also accounted for the rise of Mbida to power. He was a Roman catholic Christian. Unlike Ahidjo who was a Muslim whom the French feared caused by the rebellions, in Algeria. Since France was a
• Roman Catholic Nations, their desire to favor Mbida.
• Also, Mbida's child was the Godson to the French Minister for colonies Louis Jacquinot. Such links as God father to Mbida son greatly contributed to his emergence as First Prime Minister of French Cameroon in May 1957.

Part II: Reasons for the fall of Mbida or why the Euphoria surrounding Mbida's accession as Prime Minister was short-lived.

Unfortunately, the Euphoria surrounding Mbida`s accession to power could no longer continued. His government lasted only for Nine months spanning from May 1957 to February 1958. As he was replaced with Ahidjo. A number of factors accounted for his brief stay in office. These factors would be analyzed below.

• The dictatorial and autocratic policies of Mbida quicken his stay in power. Mbida adopted an authoritarian and arbitrary style of running the government. He frequently took major decisions in his government without consulting or take advice from members of his government. With this, he antagonized his political supporters to such an extent that few regretted his departure.
• The resignation of some ministers from Mbida's government was the immediate blow to the fall of Mbida in February 1958. Following Mbida's ten (10years) program published on  January 1958 without independence and reunification which were the popular options at the time was rejected or opposed by some of his ministers such as Ahidjo and choose to resigned. Mbida went ahead to replaced them with members of his party which Jean Ramadier refused to endorse this new cabinet of ministers. This culminated to the dismissal of Mbida in February 1958.

• Mbida's ideas on the political future of French Cameroon was highly unpopular. Mbida insisted that French Cameroon was not yet ripe for independence and committed another great error by opposing the reunification of Cameroon which almost all the political groups at the time supported. Thus, his downfall.
• Mbida's inability to handle the UPC terrorism. He instead opted for military solution to resolve the problem but unfortunately for him, the French and many other ministers in his government wanted a political dialogue with the UPC members. He refused to grant conditional amnesty to the UPC militants. This antagonism of Mbida on the UPC contributed greatly to his downfall.
• Mbida's proclamation at the DC congress at Abong-Mbang facilitated for his down fall. In this meeting, he offended the Moslem ministers and the rest of Moslem community in the north by calling for democratization of the north. He equally promises to transfer civil servants from the south to north Cameroon. This proclamation caused the northerners to decide seceding to join Chad or Ubangi chari. Hence his down fall.
  Conclusion
  Summarize the main issues raised and say he was replaced with Ahidjo in 1958.

A:

A.PART I: Why French Cameroonians wanted the return of the Germans to Cameroon.

• German propaganda in the 1930s under Adolph Hitler to regain Cameroon encourages French Cameroonians to support the German campaign.
• Harsh French colonial policies in French Cameroon. The French Cameroonians were subjected to corvee which was forced labour in road and railway instructions; prestation a policy where Cameroonians natives were to render 10days of free and compulsory labour to the French government every year. Such harsh policies which did not exist during the German colonial rule. Hence pro-German feelings.

• The rapid pace of Economic development witnessed during the German colonial equally contribution to pro-German feeling amongst the French Cameroonians. Agriculture, transport and the economy as a whole greatly expanded under the Germans. On the other hand, the socio-Economic achievements recorded by the French were slower and this created nostalgia feeling.
• The benefits derived by the chiefs during the German colonial rule cost them a lot. The Germans respected the chiefs more than the French, under the French traditional rulers were molested. For example sultan Njoya of Bamoun was deposed and exiled to Yaoundé in 1933.
• The benefits derived by the German plantation workers encouraged pro-German feeling in French Cameroon. The French Cameroonians who had worked in German-owned plantations and those who had equally worked in German trading companies like Gesselschelt sud-kamerun cost them much during the French colonial rule and influenced them to nursed feelings that the Germans should come back.

B.PART II: How the indigenes of French Cameroon manifested their sympathy for the German return to Cameroon.

• Formation of pro- German association to support German return to Cameroon They created an association to raise influence called Association of indigenous Germanophille Cameroonians. They included the educated class, chiefs, and former German plantation workers to fight for German return to Cameroon.
• Writing of petition letters: The educated class of French Cameroon wrote petition letters to the League of Nations against French rule and rather preferring the Germans or self rule. Traditional leaders or rulers who had benefited from the German colonial Authorities started writing letters to Adolf Hitler of Germany inviting him to come and take Cameroon in the hands of France. A good example of such a letter was the letter written by Chief Jean Nyap of Ndogbessi. His letter read thus;
  "I was born under your empire and I am either 35 or 36 years old. I am telling you with tears in my eyes- I very much like Germany. I would very much wish that you return to Cameroon. French orders are different from yours. I very much like to write often but there is no route".

CONCLUSION
The French reaction to these calls was vigorous. They arrested people suspected of pro-German sentiments. The French also intensified the policy of Assimation, prestation and also sponsor anti- German Assimiliations to counteract these calls. E.g JEUCAFRA created in 1938 by Paul soppo priso, union camerouniase (U.C) of 1937 by Jean Mandessi Bell and Leonard Moume Etia.