A:

A - PART I: How France respected the terms of the mandate.

• According to the mandate agreement, France was expected to work for the material economic and social wellbeing of Cameroonians. To greater extent France respected this term of the mandate more than the British. France extended the railway lines that were left by the Germans without completion. She also constructed roads, some of which were tarred. she build schools and hospitals. Most famous was Dr Eugene Jamot who fought for the eradication of sleeping sickness in French Cameroon.

• France was to maintain peace order and good government to a greater extent peace and order reopened though they were some revolts.
• The French were to protect from drugs and traffic in arms. This was greatly upheld by the French because there was no evidence that Cameroon was a entre in the traffic in either drugs nor arms during the mandate period.
• The French were to submit annual reports of the state of the territory to the League of Nations. The French greatly respected this term. As such reports were often prepared by the administrative officers and covered aspects such as economic development etc. Such reports have been good source of information to many researchers in present day Cameroon.
• Complete demilitarization term or principle which stipulated that France should not keep any military such as installation of air bases, naval ports was strictly respected by the France. Apart from the police force to maintain peace and order, there was no colonial military presence in French Cameroon.
• The term that France was to allow freedom of worship was strictly respected. The Catholics, Baptist, Presbyterians freely operated in French Cameroon. Besides the natives were not compelled to accept Christianity. Instead, the French attempted to press on the activities of the natives Baptist Church in Douala.

B -PART II: How the French disrespect the principles of the mandate?

• The French were to respect the native laws and customs of the people. The French disrespected this principle as chiefs were greatly manipulated rather than maintaining the peoples customs Assimilation attempted to turn the people into Frenchmen.
• France was to check all forms of force labour and child abuse. The French greatly disrespect this principle of the mandate through the corneer indignant and prestation policies. Even child abuse was still carry out in the hinterlands.
• According to the principle of the mandate, France was not to exploit the colonial people . France went contrary to this term as the economic policy of France in French Cameroon was influence by the theory of "La mise en valeur" . This theory was aimed at maximum economic satisfaction of France first before the economic interest of the colonies in case of any benefit derived from the colonies. As a result France embarked on the ruthless exploitation of labour and other resources.
• Again during the Second World War, France recruited soldiers and established military forces in Cameroon which was against the terms of the mandate. About 40.000 French Cameroonian soldiers were recruited to join the ranks of the "Free French forces of General Charles De Goule.
• France did not conform to the term of the mandate by which she was to allow complete freedom of worship. As she expelled many German missionaries from Cameroon. Although France had pressed the native Baptist church at the beginning, she later refused to recognize the native Baptist church as an independent religious body. She burnt down churches and disrupted some of their meetings
  CONCLUSION
  Summary of the main issues raised.

A:

PART I: Reasons for the failure or ineffectiveness of indigenous resistance to French rule.

• The resistance were ineffective because the French adopted the policy of divide and rule; which prevented the natives from forming a united front against the French.
• The maltreated given to some resistance leaders by the French rendered native resistance to French rule ineffective and ultimately failure. For example arrest, detention and elimination of some resistance leaders like Karnour frightened others.
• The native resistance failure against the French rule because French forces were well trained, armed, and better equipped with modern weapons than the native who were fighting with rudimentary weapons like dane Guns, bow and arrows.
• The natives lacked the economic resources to sponsor prolonged war against the French because most of them were farmers who could not completely abandoned farms for prolonged war.

• The Great Depression of 1929 and 1930s greatly affected the native to launch a strong fight against the French. The depression affected heavy weight business French Cameroonians who could sponsor prolong war. Their businesses were shattered by the depression couple with a fall in the prices of basic goods.
• Some native collaborated with the French colonial masters against other tribes. For example the Ewondo people supported the French against the Dualas. This help to weakened or render native war effort in effective.
• The French opened special schools for the sons of chiefs in places like Yaounde, Garoua and Dschang. This helped to please some natives who became very loyal to the French administration. Thus, failure of native resistance to French rule during the mandate period.
  Conclusion
  Summarize the main issue and states some effects.

A:

PART I: Causes of the widespread revolts and protests in French Cameroon during the mandate.

• The French disrespect of the indigenous traditional values was one of the principal reasons for the widespread revolts against the French by the indigenes. For example, the appointment of warrant Chiefs amongst the Doualas.
• The French refusal to grant self government to some indigenous tribes. The Doualas was a silent example.
• The blunders of the French colonial administration by appointing incompetent French administrators to rule who were inexperienced and incompetent. For example Crubile an agricultural experts appointed to rule in the Gbaya land caused the revolt.
• The Franco-Douala differences over the Germano-Douala treaty. The French refused to renew the Germano-Douala treaty.
• The French economic policy of la Mise Envaleur caused revolt. The policy was aimed at exploiting the resources of French Cameroon to develop France first before the colonies.
• The French imposition of the cash crop cultivation policy on the natives at the expense of food crops. For example, Gbaya were forced to cultivate cotton.
• The humiliation received by traditional rulers in the hands of the French caused widespread revolts and protests. For example Betote Akwa was humiliated by the French.
• The hardship brought by the great Depression of 1929 and1930s on the natives.
• The natives hated the French policies such as indigenist, prestation that were humiliating and exploitative.

Part II: The measures taken by the French colonial administration to suppress the revolts.

• Elimination of leaders of resisting tribes. The French policy of elimination of the leaders of resisting tribes discourage and frightened others to continue revolts. For example Karnou of Gbaya land was killed.
• Establishment of pro-French schools. By this, we mean that the French establish special schools for the children of chiefs to train them as future Pro-French leaders.
• The French decided to encourage the formation of pro-French Association to safeguard against German return to Cameroon. For example JEUCAFRA.
• The French equally encourage nucleated settlements in order to easily monitor the activities of the natives.
• The French colonial administrators intimidated the natives and gave them special warming against public demonstration and threatened to use force.
• The French promoted more socio-economic development such as roads, railway, school, and health to appease the natives.

Conclusion
Summaries of the main ideas.
Or
Question 2:
The grievances of French Cameroonians against the French during the mandate period were economic. Do you agree.

Guided Answer
Introduction
Part I: Economic grievances of French Cameroonians against the French.

• The French imposition of high and arbitrary taxes on French Cameroonians that made them stressful and miracle. For example head tax, even on children above 12 years.
• The refusal of the French to return lands expropriated by the Germans from the native. Expectation were high after the world war one that the French were to take this lands from the German and handed to them e.g Dualas.
• Imposition of forced labour on the natives. For example the French forced the Bassa people on the Njock-makak railway construction.
• The slow pace of socio-economic development witness by French Cameroonians during the mandate when compare with the German period contributed to revolts e.g Dualas.
• The Great Depression of the 1920s brought hardship to French Cameroonian that they blame France.
• The imposition of cash crop cultivation on the native at the detriment of food crops caused revolt e.g Gbaya were forced to cultivate cotton.

Part II: Other Grievances of French Cameroonians against the French.
Socio-political grievances.

• Hatred against the French policies such as indigenat which means punishment without trial for a range of minor offenses committed, prestation which imply forced labour.
• The French disrespected the indigeonous custom and tradition such as appointment of warrant chiefs by Dualas.

• The French denial to grant self government to the indigenous people e.g Dualas.
• The influence of some indigenous nationalist such as Kanour in the Gbaya land caused Revolts.
• The demand for a new treaty. The Dualas demanded for a new Germano-Duala treaty with the French which they rejected.

Conclusion
Summarized the main ideas and briefly state some consequences

A:

A.PART I: Successes or achievements of Assimilation in French Cameroon.

• Assimilation by language. Many French Cameroonians learned the French language and were able to read and write French. The French language spread to become the linqua-franca in French Cameroon. French became the language of instruction in schools and after independence it became one of the official languages in Cameroon.

• Assimilation by citizenship. The French succeeded to divide the society into two that is "citizens and subjects". The citizens were those assimilated Cameroonians able to read and write French and had adopted French ways of life. This group was protected by French laws and enjoyed the same rights as French men. But the 'subjects" were those French Cameroonians who had not yet adopted French ways of life, could not read and write French. This group suffered under the system of 'indignant'.
• Assimilation by Assemblies. Those assimilated Cameroonians were elected into the constituent French Assembly that drafted the constitution of the Southern French Republic. A good example was Alexander Douala Manga Bell who was elected into the French National Assembly as a deputy.
• Assimilation by formation of pro-French Assimilations. In French Cameroon, some French Cameroonians already assimilated created pro- French Association as a sign of love for France to prevent German return to Cameroon. For example Paul Soppo Priso in 1938 created Jeunesse Camerounaise Franciaze (Jeuca Fra) to fight against German return to Cameroon.
• Assimilation by administration. Another area where Assimilation succeeded in French Cameroon was that French Cameroon was administered as an integral part of France during the mandate period. French rules and laws existing in France were implemented directly in French Cameroon.

B: PART II: Failure or Flaws of the policy of Assimilation.

• Very few Cameroonians applied for French citizenship. These were those who had met up with these conditions according to Assimilation. These conditions were: must be aged 18 years above, married only to one wife, read and write French language. As a result of this difficult condition very few Cameroonians fulfilled this condition. Hence failure.
• There were many revolts organized by French Cameroonians to send the French away. E.g Douala and Baya revolts.
• Cameroonian cultures and institutions were finally implanted and difficult to replace. This forced France to replace Assimilation with Association as the new policy started to respect and collaborated with the French Cameroon traditional rulers. Hence failure of Assimilation.

C: PART III: Reasons for the failure or abandonment of Assimilation to Association.

• It was too expensive to educate the Blackman to be able to attain the level of a French man. The result was that it rains much finances into the French banks.
• The policy was seriously criticized by French schools and businessmen. This group of people argued that Africans as well as Cameroonians were a different branch of human race with their own culture and will be improper to absorb them into French culture .The Assimilated Africans also posed a problem to French businessmen as they became their economic rivals.
  

Conclusively, the implementation of the French policy of Assimilation recorded a good number of successes as well as failures. We should not also lost side of the fact that the policy of Assimilation was later replaced by Association to solve problem created by Association.

A:

A.PART I: Successes or achievements of Assimilation in French Cameroon.

• Assimilation by language. Many French Cameroonians learned the French language and were able to read and write French. The French language spread to become the linqua-franca in French Cameroon. French became the language of instruction in schools and after independence it became one of the official languages in Cameroon.

• Assimilation by citizenship. The French succeeded to divide the society into two that is "citizens and subjects". The citizens were those assimilated Cameroonians able to read and write French and had adopted French ways of life. This group was protected by French laws and enjoyed the same rights as French men. But the 'subjects" were those French Cameroonians who had not yet adopted French ways of life, could not read and write French. This group suffered under the system of 'indignant'.
• Assimilation by Assemblies. Those assimilated Cameroonians were elected into the constituent French Assembly that drafted the constitution of the Southern French Republic. A good example was Alexander Douala Manga Bell who was elected into the French National Assembly as a deputy.
• Assimilation by formation of pro-French Assimilations. In French Cameroon, some French Cameroonians already assimilated created pro- French Association as a sign of love for France to prevent German return to Cameroon. For example Paul Soppo Priso in 1938 created Jeunesse Camerounaise Franciaze (Jeuca Fra) to fight against German return to Cameroon.
• Assimilation by administration. Another area where Assimilation succeeded in French Cameroon was that French Cameroon was administered as an integral part of France during the mandate period. French rules and laws existing in France were implemented directly in French Cameroon.

B: PART II: Failure or Flaws of the policy of Assimilation.

• Very few Cameroonians applied for French citizenship. These were those who had met up with these conditions according to Assimilation. These conditions were: must be aged 18 years above, married only to one wife, read and write French language. As a result of this difficult condition very few Cameroonians fulfilled this condition. Hence failure.
• There were many revolts organized by French Cameroonians to send the French away. E.g Douala and Baya revolts.
• Cameroonian cultures and institutions were finally implanted and difficult to replace. This forced France to replace Assimilation with Association as the new policy started to respect and collaborated with the French Cameroon traditional rulers. Hence failure of Assimilation.

C: PART III: Reasons for the failure or abandonment of Assimilation to Association.

• It was too expensive to educate the Blackman to be able to attain the level of a French man. The result was that it rains much finances into the French banks.
• The policy was seriously criticized by French schools and businessmen. This group of people argued that Africans as well as Cameroonians were a different branch of human race with their own culture and will be improper to absorb them into French culture .The Assimilated Africans also posed a problem to French businessmen as they became their economic rivals.
  

Conclusively, the implementation of the French policy of Assimilation recorded a good number of successes as well as failures. We should not also lost side of the fact that the policy of Assimilation was later replaced by Association to solve problem created by Association.

A:

A.PART I: Successes or achievements of Assimilation in French Cameroon.

• Assimilation by language. Many French Cameroonians learned the French language and were able to read and write French. The French language spread to become the linqua-franca in French Cameroon. French became the language of instruction in schools and after independence it became one of the official languages in Cameroon.

• Assimilation by citizenship. The French succeeded to divide the society into two that is "citizens and subjects". The citizens were those assimilated Cameroonians able to read and write French and had adopted French ways of life. This group was protected by French laws and enjoyed the same rights as French men. But the 'subjects" were those French Cameroonians who had not yet adopted French ways of life, could not read and write French. This group suffered under the system of 'indignant'.
• Assimilation by Assemblies. Those assimilated Cameroonians were elected into the constituent French Assembly that drafted the constitution of the Southern French Republic. A good example was Alexander Douala Manga Bell who was elected into the French National Assembly as a deputy.
• Assimilation by formation of pro-French Assimilations. In French Cameroon, some French Cameroonians already assimilated created pro- French Association as a sign of love for France to prevent German return to Cameroon. For example Paul Soppo Priso in 1938 created Jeunesse Camerounaise Franciaze (Jeuca Fra) to fight against German return to Cameroon.
• Assimilation by administration. Another area where Assimilation succeeded in French Cameroon was that French Cameroon was administered as an integral part of France during the mandate period. French rules and laws existing in France were implemented directly in French Cameroon.

B: PART II: Failure or Flaws of the policy of Assimilation.

• Very few Cameroonians applied for French citizenship. These were those who had met up with these conditions according to Assimilation. These conditions were: must be aged 18 years above, married only to one wife, read and write French language. As a result of this difficult condition very few Cameroonians fulfilled this condition. Hence failure.
• There were many revolts organized by French Cameroonians to send the French away. E.g Douala and Baya revolts.
• Cameroonian cultures and institutions were finally implanted and difficult to replace. This forced France to replace Assimilation with Association as the new policy started to respect and collaborated with the French Cameroon traditional rulers. Hence failure of Assimilation.

C: PART III: Reasons for the failure or abandonment of Assimilation to Association.

• It was too expensive to educate the Blackman to be able to attain the level of a French man. The result was that it rains much finances into the French banks.
• The policy was seriously criticized by French schools and businessmen. This group of people argued that Africans as well as Cameroonians were a different branch of human race with their own culture and will be improper to absorb them into French culture .The Assimilated Africans also posed a problem to French businessmen as they became their economic rivals.
  

Conclusively, the implementation of the French policy of Assimilation recorded a good number of successes as well as failures. We should not also lost side of the fact that the policy of Assimilation was later replaced by Association to solve problem created by Association.

A:

A.PART I: Successes or achievements of Assimilation in French Cameroon.

• Assimilation by language. Many French Cameroonians learned the French language and were able to read and write French. The French language spread to become the linqua-franca in French Cameroon. French became the language of instruction in schools and after independence it became one of the official languages in Cameroon.

• Assimilation by citizenship. The French succeeded to divide the society into two that is "citizens and subjects". The citizens were those assimilated Cameroonians able to read and write French and had adopted French ways of life. This group was protected by French laws and enjoyed the same rights as French men. But the 'subjects" were those French Cameroonians who had not yet adopted French ways of life, could not read and write French. This group suffered under the system of 'indignant'.
• Assimilation by Assemblies. Those assimilated Cameroonians were elected into the constituent French Assembly that drafted the constitution of the Southern French Republic. A good example was Alexander Douala Manga Bell who was elected into the French National Assembly as a deputy.
• Assimilation by formation of pro-French Assimilations. In French Cameroon, some French Cameroonians already assimilated created pro- French Association as a sign of love for France to prevent German return to Cameroon. For example Paul Soppo Priso in 1938 created Jeunesse Camerounaise Franciaze (Jeuca Fra) to fight against German return to Cameroon.
• Assimilation by administration. Another area where Assimilation succeeded in French Cameroon was that French Cameroon was administered as an integral part of France during the mandate period. French rules and laws existing in France were implemented directly in French Cameroon.

B: PART II: Failure or Flaws of the policy of Assimilation.

• Very few Cameroonians applied for French citizenship. These were those who had met up with these conditions according to Assimilation. These conditions were: must be aged 18 years above, married only to one wife, read and write French language. As a result of this difficult condition very few Cameroonians fulfilled this condition. Hence failure.
• There were many revolts organized by French Cameroonians to send the French away. E.g Douala and Baya revolts.
• Cameroonian cultures and institutions were finally implanted and difficult to replace. This forced France to replace Assimilation with Association as the new policy started to respect and collaborated with the French Cameroon traditional rulers. Hence failure of Assimilation.

C: PART III: Reasons for the failure or abandonment of Assimilation to Association.

• It was too expensive to educate the Blackman to be able to attain the level of a French man. The result was that it rains much finances into the French banks.
• The policy was seriously criticized by French schools and businessmen. This group of people argued that Africans as well as Cameroonians were a different branch of human race with their own culture and will be improper to absorb them into French culture .The Assimilated Africans also posed a problem to French businessmen as they became their economic rivals.
  

Conclusively, the implementation of the French policy of Assimilation recorded a good number of successes as well as failures. We should not also lost side of the fact that the policy of Assimilation was later replaced by Association to solve problem created by Association.

A:

PART I: The similarities OR Comparism in Application

• Both Britain and France promoted socio-economic developments to enhance the wellbeing of their inhabitants.
• Both powers promoted the principle of good governance in their respective zones through their systems of administration.
• Both powers promoted the Freedom of conscience and worships
• Both Britain and France to a lesser extend installed naval or military bases in their respective territories on the eve of the second World War.
• Both powers fought against drugs and arms traffic in their territories.
• Lastly both submitted annual reports to the league of Nations.

PART II: The Differences OR contrasts in Application

• The British respected native laws and customs through indirect Rule while the French destroy it through Assimilation.
• The British avoided all forms of forced or compulsory labour while the French exercised full scale of compulsory labour through corvee and prestation.
• The French carried out meaningful Socio-economic developments in their territory while the British largely neglected socio-economic developments in her own zone.
• The British policies promoted peace and order in British Cameroons while the French policies provoked revolts such as the Douala and Baya revolts.

• France established economic monopoly in French Cameroon while Britain allowed other countries like Germany to trade in British Cameroon.

CONCLUSION
Summary of the main issues raised

A:

A PART I: How Britain respected the terms OR principles of the mandate in her zone.

• Britain was expected to ensure peace. order and good government in British Cameroon. By this principle, Britain was expected to set up a form of administration acceptable to the colonial people as to avoid any discontent. Britain had adopted a system of indirect rule based on native authorities so that the Cameroonian native was able to participate in decision making on matters affecting them. This explains why they were no boycotts, riots and resistance in the British Cameroons as was the case the case in French Cameroon.
• Britain was expected to respect the native laws and customs of the people. Indirect rule implemented by the British had much respect for this mandate term. Vernacular schools were encouraged and Justice was dispensed in the native courts Following the customs and traditions of the people. Even the traditional authorities were largely recognized, respected and involved in local administration in British Cameroon. E.g Nanga William of Victoria was appointed by the Clifford constitution to represent southern Cameroon in the legislative house of Assembly in Lagos Nigeria.

• Britain was forbidden to establish neither a military, naval nor a native militia. Britain respected and followed this principle as the police force that was formed during the mandate period was strictly for the maintenance of peace and order. By 1938. the police force numbered only 136 men.
• Britain was to submit annual reports on the state of the territory to the League of Nations. Britain respected this term of the mandate system. Such reports were often prepared by the administrative officers and covered aspects of the territory's administrative organization, ethnic composition, economic and social development such reports have served as a major source of information to many researchers in Cameroon today to be verified in some National Achieves of Cameroon like Buea.
• Britain was required to suppress the slave trade, slavery and all forms of forced labour and also the traffic in aims and drugs. Of course. Britain was already fighting against the slave trade along the coast of Cameroon, long before the mandate period. Slavery and slave trade was completely checked and labour was usually paid by the British even though relatively love.
  Britain was to allow the citizen to exercise complete freedom of conscience and worship. Britain exercises much liberalization. The catholics and protestant missionaries were allowed even the Germans based missionaries still operated in British Cameroon. The moslems in the North of British Cameroons were allowed to practice their religion - Islam.

B: PART II: How British did not conform or disrespected the terms or principles of the mandate in Cameroon.

• Even though Britain was required by the terms of the mandate to promote the well being of the natives, but she disrespected this as Britain neglected the development of British Southern Cameroons in terms of infrastructures. The number of hospitals and medical doctors were in adequate. There were only six doctors and 31 nurses. There were no secondary schools except a college in Sassa opened by the Catholic. Motorways were also neglected and most roads were seasonal.
• Britain disrespected or went contrary with the mandate term of force labour by recruiting 3500 Cameroonians into the British West African Frontier Force during the Second World War. These Cameroonians fought and defended Britain not Cameroon.
• Britain disrespected the mandate term of good governance in the colonies. Britain took Cameroon and attached to Nigeria. She encourages many Nigerians to migrate to Cameroon who became rude, arrogant. discriminated against the Cameroonians on their soil. It was as if Nigeria was the second colonial master in British Cameroons.

CONCLUSION
Summary of the main issues raised. Criticize the league .For example, the League of Nations failed to put in place some mechanism to reinforce Britain to respect the terms of the mandate as the case with the U.N.O. The league said nothing about the future independence and Reunification of British and French Cameroons.

A:

A PART I: Why Britain neglected British Southern Cameroons

• Britain was ignorant of the economic potentials of the territory apart from the fertile soils.
• Britain felt that the Germans may one day return to take back the territory. When Hitler rose to power, he launched an international campaign for the recovery of all Germans colonies including Cameroon.
• The territory had been devastated by the First World War. It was therefore costly to repair the damage.
• The Great Depression of 1929 and the early 1930s created economic problems for Britain at home such as fall of output and unemployment. Britian therefore paid very little attention to the economic development of Southern Cameroons.
• The British were unwilling to tax heavily its citizens to support the development of Southern Cameroons.
• There was no separate budget for the British Southern Cameroons. Finance for the development of the territory was to come through the budget of Nigeria but often little or nothing was allocated for the territory.

B: PART II How was Britain neglect of Southern Cameroons development per socioeconomic.
Economic neglect:

• In terms of road, very little was done, mostly seasonal roads. There was only one ring road linking the Bamenda - Wum and Nkambe Division and the road was seasonal.
• The British also neglected in the domain of railway construction. Railway lines remained what the Germans had constructed and no effect was made to develop new ones. Even the existing lines constructed by the German were beyond repairs and depreciating.
• The ports of Tiko and Victoria were also neglected as they were underutilized. There was no British effort to improve them beyond what the Germans had done.
• During the mandate period, Britain allowed the control of plantation agriculture in the hands of the Germans. The British citizens had refused to buy theses plantations during the first auction sales in 1923 and during the several auction sales in 1924, German planters bought the entire plantation in the territory.

• In terms of trade, it was still the Germans not British that dominated trading in British Southern Cameroons. The German planters exported all the crops cultivated in the territory to Germany and implanted equipment and farming tools from Germany

Social neglect:

• Education was neglected. The British did not create any government secondary school during the mandate period and few that existed was created by missionaries. Very few government primary schools were created. Most schools were controlled by Christian missions and native authorities. In 1939, the catholic mission created the first secondary school at Sassa called Saint Joseph College Sassa in Buea. Due to the absence of secondary schools, most southern Cameroonians like Endeley, Foncha trekked to Nigeria for post primary education.
• Another social area of neglect was in the domain area of health centres, one in each division of the six with one doctor in each of the health centre given a total of six doctors in the whole territory. The six doctors were in the ratio of one doctor to more than 90,000 patients.
• Hospitals were over crowed with inadequate drugs. The situation was worsening by the introduction of fee in the hospital which reduced the number of native visiting the hospital.
• The British also failed to protect Southern Cameroonians against Nigerian discrimination, domination and exploitation.

Conclusion:
British neglect of the development of Southern Cameroons can not only be limited to socio - economic. We should not lose sight of the fact that they were equally political neglect. These neglect had far reaching effects on the socio - economic disparities which existed in the then West Cameroon and East Cameroon. Today, the North West and South West Regions (former Southern Cameroons) continue to be lacking behind I terms of socio- economic and political developments with the Francophone regions of Cameroon. This is as a result of these colonial heritages

A:

PART I: Health and Educational reforms
A. Health

• From the beginning of British mandate in 1922, in Southern Cameroons, she faced some health related diseases such as small pox, influenza, dysentery, chicken pox etc. Faced with these challenges; the British colonial government took some measures to eradicate these diseases under the supervision of the Department of Medical and Sanitary Services at Enugu.
• The British equally established hospitals in the four Division of Southern Cameroon in 1946, the Division were increased to six, making each Division to have a hospital and a medical Doctor given a total of six Doctors.
• In 1924, the British Resident in Southern Cameroons William Arnett imposed for the payment of fees in these hospitals. This was later abolished in the 1930 s and reintroduced in 1944 when the number of patients increased.
• Clinic centers were also established along the Kumba Mamfe Roads.

B. Education Reforms

• Elementary education was provided by the colonial government, missions and native Authorities.
• The curriculum of studies included the teaching of Hygiene, Agriculture, Reading, writing, Arithmetic, singing and Religion
• Education was financed from the payment of school fees, sale of produce from school farms, fees charged from manual labour, grants from Native Authorities and from government.
• In 1924, the British colonial government published regulation which provided free education for infants, and equally made education uniform for all.
• In 1932, primary Education was reduced from 9 to 8 years.
• Teacher - training centers were opened at kake in Kumba by the British and another open at Njinikom by the Roman Catholic Mission.
• In 1919, Government primary school up station in Bamenda was open headed by a head master from Nigeria. The aim of this school was to educate children of the colonial - officers.

PART II: Failures of the British

• In terms of education, the British Colonial government failed to promote post primary education such as secondary education. No single one was open by the British except of Saint Joseph College Sasse open 1939 by the Roman Catholic Mission.
• Most health facilities were abandoned in the hands of the Native Authorities.
• High fees charged in hospitals reduced the number of patients.
• There was an inadequate number of Health officers as only six medical Doctors existed.

CONCLUSION
Summary of the issues raised.

A:

PART I: Benefits of Indirect Rule on the indigenes of Southern Cameroons

• Help to preserve native customs and tradition.
• Indirect Rule helped to reinstate traditional rulers who were deposed by the Germans such as chief Asonganyi of Fontem.
• Indirect Rule made traditional rulers to be trained in the art of modern administration.
• It provided for a relatively cordial administration between the British and the natives.
• Native enjoyed the system of Justice based on their customs and traditions
• The policy helped to prepare the natives toward self-rule.

PART II: Disadvantages of the policy OR How it failed to satisfy the aspirations of the indigenes.

• The policy neglected the linguistic, cultural and traditional peculiarities of the chiefdoms.
• The policy failed to unite the traditional rulers and the Western educated Elite, because the Elite felt that they were better placed to represent the people than the chiefs.

• Indirect Rule made the traditional rulers to become stooges to the British rather than serving the interest of their subjects.
• The policy failed to promote rapid socio-Economic development like the case of Assimilation in French Cameroon.
• The policy promoted tribal sentiments and disunity.

CONCLUSION
Summaries of the issue raised

A:

PART I: Benefits of Indirect Rule on the indigenes of Southern Cameroons

• Help to preserve native customs and tradition.
• Indirect Rule helped to reinstate traditional rulers who were deposed by the Germans such as chief Asonganyi of Fontem.
• Indirect Rule made traditional rulers to be trained in the art of modern administration.
• It provided for a relatively cordial administration between the British and the natives.
• Native enjoyed the system of Justice based on their customs and traditions
• The policy helped to prepare the natives toward self-rule.

PART II: Disadvantages of the policy OR How it failed to satisfy the aspirations of the indigenes.

• The policy neglected the linguistic, cultural and traditional peculiarities of the chiefdoms.
• The policy failed to unite the traditional rulers and the Western educated Elite, because the Elite felt that they were better placed to represent the people than the chiefs.

• Indirect Rule made the traditional rulers to become stooges to the British rather than serving the interest of their subjects.
• The policy failed to promote rapid socio-Economic development like the case of Assimilation in French Cameroon.
• The policy promoted tribal sentiments and disunity.

CONCLUSION
Summaries of the issue raised

A:

PART I: Benefits of Indirect Rule on the indigenes of Southern Cameroons

• Help to preserve native customs and tradition.
• Indirect Rule helped to reinstate traditional rulers who were deposed by the Germans such as chief Asonganyi of Fontem.
• Indirect Rule made traditional rulers to be trained in the art of modern administration.
• It provided for a relatively cordial administration between the British and the natives.
• Native enjoyed the system of Justice based on their customs and traditions
• The policy helped to prepare the natives toward self-rule.

PART II: Disadvantages of the policy OR How it failed to satisfy the aspirations of the indigenes.

• The policy neglected the linguistic, cultural and traditional peculiarities of the chiefdoms.
• The policy failed to unite the traditional rulers and the Western educated Elite, because the Elite felt that they were better placed to represent the people than the chiefs.

• Indirect Rule made the traditional rulers to become stooges to the British rather than serving the interest of their subjects.
• The policy failed to promote rapid socio-Economic development like the case of Assimilation in French Cameroon.
• The policy promoted tribal sentiments and disunity.

CONCLUSION
Summaries of the issue raised

A:

PART I: Reasons for Indirect Rule.

• The successful story of the policy by the British in Northern Nigeria influence her to implement it in Southern Cameroons.
• Britain wanted to maintain and preserved the customs and tradition of the people.
• The traditional institutions in Southern Cameroons such as the Kwifor, Ngumba, Ngwerong were very dynamic.
• The British lacked trained colonial administrators to use.
• The lack of finances to pay her own officers.
• The absence of adequate communications and transport network like roads.

PART II: The Successes Or Achievements Or advantages of Indirect Rule

• Cheap and easy for the British. As such the British were able to govern vast areas.
• The policy reinforced the values of Southern Cameroonians such as vernacular languages.
• Indirect rule helped to reinstate traditional rulers who had been deposed by the Germans such as chief Asonganyi of Fontem.
• Native enjoyed the system of Justice based on their custom and tradition.
• Indirect Rule made traditional rulers to be trained in the art of modern administration.
• The policy provided for a relatively cordial administration between the British administrators and the natives.
• Revenue was easily collected and labour could be easily raised for construction of roads.

PART II: Failures OR Disadvantages of Indirect Rule (negative effects).

• Ethnic groups and villages were grouped together creating conflicts e.g Ngembá under Bali.
• The policy weakened the system of traditional authority of chiefs. As the chiefs became more loyal to the British than their subjects.
• The policy retarded political growth and organization of some villages which were placed under larger chiefdoms
• The policy neglected the educated elite and discourage nationalism.

• The policy failed to adequately promote the socio-Economic development of Southern Cameroons.

CONCLUSION
Summaries of the issues raised.

A:

PART I: Reasons for Indirect Rule.

• The successful story of the policy by the British in Northern Nigeria influence her to implement it in Southern Cameroons.
• Britain wanted to maintain and preserved the customs and tradition of the people.
• The traditional institutions in Southern Cameroons such as the Kwifor, Ngumba, Ngwerong were very dynamic.
• The British lacked trained colonial administrators to use.
• The lack of finances to pay her own officers.
• The absence of adequate communications and transport network like roads.

PART II: The Successes Or Achievements Or advantages of Indirect Rule

• Cheap and easy for the British. As such the British were able to govern vast areas.
• The policy reinforced the values of Southern Cameroonians such as vernacular languages.
• Indirect rule helped to reinstate traditional rulers who had been deposed by the Germans such as chief Asonganyi of Fontem.
• Native enjoyed the system of Justice based on their custom and tradition.
• Indirect Rule made traditional rulers to be trained in the art of modern administration.
• The policy provided for a relatively cordial administration between the British administrators and the natives.
• Revenue was easily collected and labour could be easily raised for construction of roads.

PART II: Failures OR Disadvantages of Indirect Rule (negative effects).

• Ethnic groups and villages were grouped together creating conflicts e.g Ngembá under Bali.
• The policy weakened the system of traditional authority of chiefs. As the chiefs became more loyal to the British than their subjects.
• The policy retarded political growth and organization of some villages which were placed under larger chiefdoms
• The policy neglected the educated elite and discourage nationalism.

• The policy failed to adequately promote the socio-Economic development of Southern Cameroons.

CONCLUSION
Summaries of the issues raised.

A:

PART I: Reasons for partition

• To share the naval facilities at the coast of Cameroon. Both wanted to share the ports of Douala and Victoria.
• The failure of the Anglo-French condominium was the main reason for partition.
• Britain and France partition Cameroon to prevent the Germans from ever hoping of returning to regain Cameroon.
• Partition was intended to punish Germany for giving the firs world war.
• Britain and France partition Cameroon in other to share German investments like plantations.
• To raise French moral so as to continue the war.

PART II: Steps or stages of Partition of Cameroon

• In February 1916, the French Diplomat George Picot and the British Foreign Secretary Lancelot Oliphant met in London and partition Cameroon. Oliphant produced the map of Cameroon and asked Picot to determine the zone the French
• would like. Picot used a ruler and traced a line on the map of Cameroon from Lake Chad in the north to the south.
• In March 1916, a series of meeting were held in Douala between Dobell and Aymerich to officially effects the partition plan on the ground was traced from Lake Chad in the north to river Mungo in the South. In April 1916, the British and French officials move to their respective zones with Dobell and Aymerich appointed commission in the British and French zones respectively.
  58

• The partition line became known as the picot line in which the French got  of Cameroon (432.00sqkm) with a population of 2 million and Britain got  of Cameroon (88.000sqkm) with a population of 500,000 people.
• In June 1919, Germany was forced to sign the treaty of Versailles handing over Cameroon to Britain and France.
• In July 1919. British foreign minister Alfred Lord Milner and the French minister for colonies Henri - Simon signed the Milner - Simon agreement which confirmed the partition.
• In 1922, the League of Nations approved the partition.

PART III: Consequences of the Partition.

• Partition led to Anglophone problem in Cameroon.
• Partition restricted the smooth movements of people and goods between the two zones:
• Partition led to separation of ethnic groups and families e.g Bakweri, Bakossi, Mbos, Balong, Bamilekes.
• Partition led to Bilingualism in Cameroon.
• Partition led to inequality in Cameroon i.e. in terms of development.
• Assess others.

Conclusion
Summaries of the issues raised

A:

PART I: Reasons for partition

• To share the naval facilities at the coast of Cameroon. Both wanted to share the ports of Douala and Victoria.
• The failure of the Anglo-French condominium was the main reason for partition.
• Britain and France partition Cameroon to prevent the Germans from ever hoping of returning to regain Cameroon.
• Partition was intended to punish Germany for giving the firs world war.
• Britain and France partition Cameroon in other to share German investments like plantations.
• To raise French moral so as to continue the war.

PART II: Steps or stages of Partition of Cameroon

• In February 1916, the French Diplomat George Picot and the British Foreign Secretary Lancelot Oliphant met in London and partition Cameroon. Oliphant produced the map of Cameroon and asked Picot to determine the zone the French
• would like. Picot used a ruler and traced a line on the map of Cameroon from Lake Chad in the north to the south.
• In March 1916, a series of meeting were held in Douala between Dobell and Aymerich to officially effects the partition plan on the ground was traced from Lake Chad in the north to river Mungo in the South. In April 1916, the British and French officials move to their respective zones with Dobell and Aymerich appointed commission in the British and French zones respectively.
  58

• The partition line became known as the picot line in which the French got  of Cameroon (432.00sqkm) with a population of 2 million and Britain got  of Cameroon (88.000sqkm) with a population of 500,000 people.
• In June 1919, Germany was forced to sign the treaty of Versailles handing over Cameroon to Britain and France.
• In July 1919. British foreign minister Alfred Lord Milner and the French minister for colonies Henri - Simon signed the Milner - Simon agreement which confirmed the partition.
• In 1922, the League of Nations approved the partition.

PART III: Consequences of the Partition.

• Partition led to Anglophone problem in Cameroon.
• Partition restricted the smooth movements of people and goods between the two zones:
• Partition led to separation of ethnic groups and families e.g Bakweri, Bakossi, Mbos, Balong, Bamilekes.
• Partition led to Bilingualism in Cameroon.
• Partition led to inequality in Cameroon i.e. in terms of development.
• Assess others.

Conclusion
Summaries of the issues raised

A:

A.PART I: Reasons for the proposed Anglo-French condominium or why the condominium was more theoretical.

• There were repeated German attempts to recapture some territories already captured by Britain and France in Cameroon. It was felt that only a condominium would check the German menace.
• Britain and France wanted to share the high cost of maintaining an army in Cameroon.
• The Allied powers were out to compensate themselves for the role played in the liberation of Cameroon.
• The Allied powers claimed that a condominium could ensure the unity of German Kamerun after the war.
• Douala as a nave base with it transmitter was very strategic. Both partners wanted Douala.
• Douala was a terminus of two railways, center of trade and a port town was attractive to both parties.

B.PART II: Reasons for the failure of the condominium or inapplicability of condominium

• Apart from Douala were in 1915 the British and French military officials established a joint rule under Dobell, the Idea of the condominium never took place in Cameroon. It was more theoretical than a practical experience or better still a "Myth than a reality" Therefore, the condominium was "easier said than done". The reasons below would explain why the condominium failed in Cameroon.
• The authority issue divided Britain and France. Britain wanted all the services, civilian and military to be control all by Dobell white the French wanted Aymerick to control either the civilian or military affairs.
• British insisted that in case of transfer or death of Dobell, he should be succeeded by another British officer while the French rejected and wanted a French officer to succeed Dobell. Hence failure of condominium.

Territorial issue was another reason for the failure of the joint Anglo-French condominium. Britain wanted the condominium to be applied to all areas

A:

A.PART I: The role played by conflict of Authority to the failure of the condominium.

• Firstly Britain and France were divided over the authority issue. The British were of the opinion that all the services, civilian and military be under control of Dobell, while the French wanted Aymerich to have the same powers as the British or the posts are shared.
• There was also a difference over succession at the head of the condominium. According to the British incase of death, Dobell be succeeded by another British man which France rejected and said it should be succeeded by a French man. Hence failure to establish a joint government.
• Again, the report written by General Dobell on the war in Cameroon undermine the French authority and helped to annoyed the French as he Vader rated the role played by the French in the defeat of Germany. This conflict over contribution prevented the establishment of the condominium.
• British decision of reshaping her eastern Nigerian Frontier and appointing British officials in Cameroon without consulting Bance also led to the failure of the condominium. The fact that Britain treated France as a junior part without recognizing her authority as equal partner led to the demise of the condominium.

B.PART II: The contribution of other factors to the failure of the condominium.

Not conflict of authority alone contributed to the failure of the British and French joint venture. They equally existed other causes.

• Territorial issue. The British wanted the condominium to cover all parts of Cameroon whether jointly conquer or separately conquered. On the other hand the French refused insisting that the condominium should cover only areas jointly conquered by British and French troops.
• Differences in colonial policies and language between Britain and France made joint administration difficult. The French policy of assimilation and the British practice of indirect rule could not be applied in one colony.
• Britain and France also failed to establish a condominium in Cameroon because of conflict over the appellation issue of the name. Britain wanted it to be called a joint administration while France refused and wanted to be called condominium.
• Financial issue also led to the failure of condominium. The British suggested that each country should take care of the expenses on its troops. The French rejected this idea because they had more troops than the British in Cameroon.

CONCLUSION
The failure of the condominium created suspicion and tension between France and Britain it affected the war time collaborative spirit of the two countries and the most important result of the failure of the attempt was the partition of Cameroon and ultimate endorsement by the League of Nations in 1922.