A:

A.PART I: Contribution or role of the UPC to the independence process of French Cameroon

• The UPC acted as the Genesis of Nationalism in French Cameroon. Its call for immediate independence and reunification created an unquenchable thirst for independence. Besides, a cream of French Cameroonian nationalist was bred with the UPC.
• The formation of the UPC in 1948 encouraged the birth of other political parties. This help to influence nationalist activities in French Cameroon.
• In May 1955, the UPC decided to organize a nationwide strike and rebellion against France in other to force France to listen to their problem. Thus activities of the UPC created insecurity, destruction of French investment. The result was that in 1956, France was forced to introduce the Loi cadre as a reform to the granting of independence to the territory.
• If southern Cameroon gains independence in 1961 in reunification of French Cameroon, was thanks to the awareness keep by the upc party. After its ban in 1955, some of its leaders crossed over to southern Cameroon under banner of one kamerun and pressed for Reunification. Negotiations for reunification were evident in the close collaboration that existed with the KNNP of John Ngu Foncha.'
• The activities of the UPC attracted the attention of the United Nations visiting missions to Cameroon. Such activities include the writing of petitions addresses made in general Assembly of the UN resulted in the dispatch of UN missions to French Cameroon such missions recommended France to accelerate changes and reforms that led to the gradual independence of French Cameroon.
• The upc had newspapers such as "La verite" La voix du people". These newspapers published articles which exposed the evils of French colonial administration in Cameroon and stimulated nationalist sentiments.

B.PART I: Failures or weaknesses of the UPC party.

• The upc failed to take French Cameroon to independence. As in 1955 the party was ban. It was the UC that guided French Cameroon until when independence was achieved on  January, 1960.
• The upc never won an election. In the 1951 and1952 election, the party did not have even a single seat.
• The upc never provided representatives in any of the Assemblies such as ATCAM. And ALCAM to defend the interest of the party towards self-government.

CONCLUSION:
Even though the UPC played a major role in the independence struggle, the party never had the opportunity to gain the independence. It was instead the uc of Ahamadou Ahidjo that adopted the UPC programme and helped gained the independence of French Cameroon in January . This failure was as a result of the death of Um Nyobe semptember 1958 , internal squabbles within the party, French hostility towards the party and limited external support.

A:

A.PART I: Causes of the UPC rebellion of May 1955.

• Alleged election mal-practices. The UPC was very convinced that the 1951-1952 elections had been manipulated by the French administration. Its failure to win even a single seat made the party to conclude that, its goal could only be achieved through a Revolution.
• External Revolutionary influence. The UPC was motivated by the revolutionary ideas and publication of leaders such as Mao Tse Tung and Abdel Nasser. French failure Lu Dien Bien Phu and Algeria also convinced the UPC to use force.
• Economic difficulties. The economic hardship faced by French Cameroonians caused the rebellions. There was increasing urban unemployment, prices of cash crop dropped while the French abandoned several infrastructural projects. This led to general discontent and the uprising of 1955 .
• Catholic hostility towards the UPC. The Roman Catholic Church circulated a pastoral letter during the Easter Sunday of 1955 which qualified the UPC as communist and evident. The letter went ahead to call all its Christians to boycott the party. This caused the u.p.c to adopt a more radical and revolutionary policy to attain its goal.
• The harsh policies of Roland pre the French high commissioner, prepared the grounds of the 1955 rebellion pre constant transfer of u.p.c supporters to remote areas, rallied chiefs and local administrators against the u.p.c and banned its rallies and even prevented the party from using public government buildings for their rallies or meetings. All these actions was just enough for the u.p.c to organize the uprising.

• Increase in marked tolls. The immediate cause of the 19955 UPC rebellions was the  increase in the daily tolls paic for the use of market stalls in Yaounde central market.

With the above stated factors strikes started in Yaounde and later spread to other towns like Douala, Mbanga, and Nkonsamba. The forced Roland pre to authorize the use of soldier to dislodge any u.p.c crowds.
B.PART II: Consequences of the u.p.c Revolts of May, 1955

The May 1955 u.p.c Revolt had the following consequences;

• Human about 26 lives were lost, 21 demonstrators, one gendarme officer and four civilians, two of them being French men.
• Huged material damage. The ATCAM building was destroyed and the railway line between Edea and Yaounde was damaged.
• Ban on the u.p.c party. The u.p.c rebellion led to the ban on the party on July  1955 by Roland pre through the party still continued to exist illegally.
• Exile of u.p.c leaders: following the ban of u.p.c, many of its top leaders like Ernest Ouandie fled French Cameroon to British southern Cameroon after which they were later exile to Guinea, Ghana and Egypt.
• Increased Terrorism. After the uprising, the UPC still resorted to other means like underground, to continue the struggle. Hence guerrilla tactics were implemented. The party henceforth attacked bridges, public building etc up till 1971 when the last traces of the upc Ernest Quandie was finally executed by Ahidjo's government.
• Transfer of UPC to southern Cameroon. The rebellion caused the transfer of the party's activities to British southern Cameroons. The UPC became disguised in southern Cameroon as One Kamerun (ok) in 1957 with Ndze Ntumazza as leader.
• UN fact finding mission arrived in French Cameroon in October 1955 to investigate the causes of the Rebellion. After investigation, the mission called on France to quicken the demonization process in the territory and this led to the Loi cadre of 1956 .

CONCLUSION: Summary of the main issues raised.

A:

A.PART I: How the Brazzaville conference contributed to the granting of the independence of French Cameroon OR How the decisions taken at the conference were implemented.

• In the conference it was decided that France should form a union with its overseas territories. This term was implemented in that, after the conference French Cameroon was made an "Associate Territory of the French union" because of her special status as a trust territory of the nations. Thus meant that all French Cameroonians automatically became citizens of the French union. Therefore the policy of "Differentiation" that is making a distinction between "Citoyen" and "subjects" gradually disappeared.
• The decision that Africans as well as French Cameroonians hence forth should elect their own representatives into the constituent Assembly that they would participate to draw up the constitution of the fourth French republic was highly respected and implemented after the conference. Dr Louis Paul AuJoulat and Alexander Duala manga Bell and in French Cameroon were elected to participate in the drawing of the constitution for the forth French republic. These Cameroonians representatives learned the functioning of a modern parliamentary democracy that led to the political, economic and social advancement of French Cameroon.
• The Brazzaville conference also recommended that local Assemblies hence forth be created in which French Cameroonians are elected as members. In 1946, the first local Assembly called ARCAM with 40 members in which both Cameroonians and the whites were members. In 1952 a new Assembly called ATCAM was created and membership increased to 50. In 1957, ALCAM replaced ATCAM and increased the membership from 50 to 70 . These local assemblies were very significant because many Cameroonians were initiated into political experience some like Ahmadou Ahidjo were to play a great role decolonization of French Cameroon and also gathered the experience to rule French Cameroon at independence from  January 1960.
• It was decided that Brazzaville that trade unions be created to defend the interest of workers. As a result of the recommendation of the Brazzaville conference, a number of trade unions developed. In 1945, union des syndicates confedere du Cameroun (USCC) was formed. This trade union became very critical of French labour laws that exploited French Cameroonians workers. Some of its leaders like UM Nyobe organized strikes to protest against the poor treatment of Cameroonians workers.

• At Brazaville it was decided that, hence forth, forced labour including "prestation, "covee" be abolished. To implement this decision in 1945, France published"Native labour code" as the hirst step towards liberals' principles. The labour code called for the abolition of all forms of forced labour including pretation covee and indiginat these policies gradually disappeared in French Cameroon. Hence facilitating the independence process of French Cameroon.
• The Brazzaville conference recommended that France should allow French Cameroonians to create political parties. On  April 1948 , the first indigenous political party the UPC was born. The party began to demand for immediate independence and immediate reunification, end of French policy of Association and end of exploitation of French Cameroon workers.

B.PART II: Failure of the Brazzaville conference to facilitate the decolonization.

• France continued to maintain its policy of Assimilation and did not envisage independence for French Cameroon. The UPC advocated for the independence of French Cameroon was banned.
• ARCAM was not given the right to make laws. The French high commissioner in French Cameroon could over rule any decision taken by ARCAM.
• Some of the decisions taken at the Brazzaville conference were not implemented immediately. It took a long time for the indigenat prestation and forced labour to disappear in French Cameroon.

CONCLUSION: Summary of the main ideas raised and says that it was thanks to the Brazzaville towards the independence of French Cameroon were provided.

A:

A. PART I: Significance OR how the loi catre satisfies the aspirations of French Cameroonians in the advancements towards independence.

• Introduction of a single electoral college by the stipulations of the loi cadre elections into all assemblies in French Cameroon were hence forth conducted by a single electoral college. This replaces the former system in which there were two colleges. This reform granted French Cameroonian natives’ greater political participation and representation.
• Loi cadre granted Adult universal suffrage to French Cameroonians. This concession immensely increases native participation in the selection of assembly representatives.
• The Loi cadre also enables French Cameroon to establish an executive council. It also gave room for the creation of the post of prime minister who could appoint ministers of his cabinet. It was in line with this, that Andre Marie Mbida rose up to be the prime minister of French Cameroon in 1957.
• The loi cadre provided the birth of ALCAM. By Loi cadre, ATCAM was transformed into ALCAM and the size or members raised from 50 to 70 and the competence to debate bills proposed by the French.
• The loi cadre gave French Cameroon a new status and French Cameroon was recognized as a state under the trusteeship thereby breaking its intimate identification with the French empire.
• The loi cadre granted the chance for French Cameroon to have a national anthem, a motto and a flag. All these constitute symbols of nation hood towards which the territory gradually gained independence in January 1960.
• Loi cadre provided for French Cameroon with an internal self government on  April 1956. Andre Marie mbida formed the first indigenous government in French Cameroon.
  B.PART II: Failure or limitations or how the Loi cadre did not satisfy the aspirations of French Cameroonians.
• The French national assembly still had extensive control and competence over the legislative Assembly (ALCAM) in French Cameroon.
• The appointment of the prime minister by the French high commissioner eliminated the rights of the natives in influencing the internal government.
• Important state affairs concerning defense, foreign affairs and currency matters were exclusively in the hands of the French high commissioner.
• ALCAM could only propose reforms and could not implement them without the consultation of the French national assembly.
• Lastly and most importantly the loi cadre did not grant French Cameroon independent.

CONCLUSION: summary of the main issues raised.

A:

A.PART I:The extent to which France respected the terms of the trusteeship agreement.

• France was to allow freedom of press and worship in her trust territory of French Cameroon. There was press freedom, even through the UPC news papers like La verite; La administration suffered censorship by the colonial administration. The catholics, lutheraus, Adventist freely carry out their evangelization activities.
• France was expected to accelerate political development in French Cameroon. In April 1948, the u.p.c was created in Douala by some trade unionist and was authorized by France to operate. Other political development was the creation of subsequent political parties like Democrates Camerounaise paysant independence. These political parties were allowed by France to participate in the 1951, 1952 and1956 elections.
• Again France was expected to prepare French Cameroon towards independence. As a moved toward self-government France created a good number of Assemblies like ARCAM, ATCAM and ALCAM were French Cameroonians represented. This encouraged the evolution towards independence. As a strict respect of this term France finally granted independence to French Cameroon on the  January 1960 with Ahmadou Ahidjoas president.
• France was expected to promote socio-economic development of French Cameroon. In French Cameroon France strictly respected this term as there was a remarkable socio-economic expansion. The Douala seaport was expanded, the rail way line extended to Yaounde, Basie industries were set up, hotels constructed in Douala and Yaounde.

• France was required to submit annual report on the general state of the territory. This was regularly done, even if the authenticity of the reports may not be guaranteed.
  

B.PART II: How France disrespected the terns of trusteeship agreement.

• France was to respect the native laws and customs. But France with her policy of assimilation did not respect the people's customs. Rather France attempted to transform the natives into Frenchmen. Hence the French manipulated the chieftaincy institutions, disallowed the use of local languages suppressed the traditional dressing and even diet habits.
• Again, France was to maintain peace and order in French Cameroon. The French did not respect this principle as they refuse grant immediate independence and immediate reunification to the UPCist leading to UPC revolts of 1955 .

France to a certain degree violated the UN trusteeship terms that they should be freedom of press and expression. With this term, the French killed Um Nyobe in 1958 to prevent him not to voice the problem of the UPC. The French also banned some UPC news papers like La Varité and equally prevented the party from using public facilities for their meetings.
In conclusion, while some terms of the trusteeship were respected by France, others were not. Generally speaking, conformity to the terms was determined by the French colonial policies. The attainment of independence by French Cameroon on the  January 1960 is indicative that the most important principle of the trusteeship was achieved.

A:

Part I: Reasons for the rise of Mbida or Euphoria surrounding Mbida in 1957 as Prime Minister.

• One of the fundamental reasons for the Euphonia or rise of Mbida in 1957 as Prime Minister of French Cameroon was because of his academic background when compared to the politicians at the time. Intellectually Mbida had a sound educational background over other politicians like Ahidjo his rivals. He had a Diploma in political science. He had studied in France and was seen More appropriate by the French to head the internal self-government of French Cameroon than Ahidjo who was just a trained telegraph Technician from Ecole Primaire superieur Yaounde.
• Mbida had a sound administrative background and experience. He had served the French colonial administration as secretary in many departments. The French saw with him as the only choice because such experience could make him more efficient and reliable than any of his rival. Thus, this surrounded the Euphoria of Mbida accession to power as Prime Minister in 1957.
• Mbida's accession to power in May 1957 was caused by his performances in the election of 1956. His party DC came second with 20 seats out of the 70 seats in the ALCAM. This fair election performance of Mbida greatly urge the French to make him Prime Minister in 1957.
• Mbida's Religious inclination or background also accounted for the rise of Mbida to power. He was a Roman catholic Christian. Unlike Ahidjo who was a Muslim whom the French feared caused by the rebellions, in Algeria. Since France was a
• Roman Catholic Nations, their desire to favor Mbida.
• Also, Mbida's child was the Godson to the French Minister for colonies Louis Jacquinot. Such links as God father to Mbida son greatly contributed to his emergence as First Prime Minister of French Cameroon in May 1957.

Part II: Reasons for the fall of Mbida or why the Euphoria surrounding Mbida's accession as Prime Minister was short-lived.

Unfortunately, the Euphoria surrounding Mbida`s accession to power could no longer continued. His government lasted only for Nine months spanning from May 1957 to February 1958. As he was replaced with Ahidjo. A number of factors accounted for his brief stay in office. These factors would be analyzed below.

• The dictatorial and autocratic policies of Mbida quicken his stay in power. Mbida adopted an authoritarian and arbitrary style of running the government. He frequently took major decisions in his government without consulting or take advice from members of his government. With this, he antagonized his political supporters to such an extent that few regretted his departure.
• The resignation of some ministers from Mbida's government was the immediate blow to the fall of Mbida in February 1958. Following Mbida's ten (10years) program published on  January 1958 without independence and reunification which were the popular options at the time was rejected or opposed by some of his ministers such as Ahidjo and choose to resigned. Mbida went ahead to replaced them with members of his party which Jean Ramadier refused to endorse this new cabinet of ministers. This culminated to the dismissal of Mbida in February 1958.

• Mbida's ideas on the political future of French Cameroon was highly unpopular. Mbida insisted that French Cameroon was not yet ripe for independence and committed another great error by opposing the reunification of Cameroon which almost all the political groups at the time supported. Thus, his downfall.
• Mbida's inability to handle the UPC terrorism. He instead opted for military solution to resolve the problem but unfortunately for him, the French and many other ministers in his government wanted a political dialogue with the UPC members. He refused to grant conditional amnesty to the UPC militants. This antagonism of Mbida on the UPC contributed greatly to his downfall.
• Mbida's proclamation at the DC congress at Abong-Mbang facilitated for his down fall. In this meeting, he offended the Moslem ministers and the rest of Moslem community in the north by calling for democratization of the north. He equally promises to transfer civil servants from the south to north Cameroon. This proclamation caused the northerners to decide seceding to join Chad or Ubangi chari. Hence his down fall.
  Conclusion
  Summarize the main issues raised and say he was replaced with Ahidjo in 1958.

A:

Part I: Reasons for the rise of Mbida or Euphoria surrounding Mbida in 1957 as Prime Minister.

• One of the fundamental reasons for the Euphonia or rise of Mbida in 1957 as Prime Minister of French Cameroon was because of his academic background when compared to the politicians at the time. Intellectually Mbida had a sound educational background over other politicians like Ahidjo his rivals. He had a Diploma in political science. He had studied in France and was seen More appropriate by the French to head the internal self-government of French Cameroon than Ahidjo who was just a trained telegraph Technician from Ecole Primaire superieur Yaounde.
• Mbida had a sound administrative background and experience. He had served the French colonial administration as secretary in many departments. The French saw with him as the only choice because such experience could make him more efficient and reliable than any of his rival. Thus, this surrounded the Euphoria of Mbida accession to power as Prime Minister in 1957.
• Mbida's accession to power in May 1957 was caused by his performances in the election of 1956. His party DC came second with 20 seats out of the 70 seats in the ALCAM. This fair election performance of Mbida greatly urge the French to make him Prime Minister in 1957.
• Mbida's Religious inclination or background also accounted for the rise of Mbida to power. He was a Roman catholic Christian. Unlike Ahidjo who was a Muslim whom the French feared caused by the rebellions, in Algeria. Since France was a
• Roman Catholic Nations, their desire to favor Mbida.
• Also, Mbida's child was the Godson to the French Minister for colonies Louis Jacquinot. Such links as God father to Mbida son greatly contributed to his emergence as First Prime Minister of French Cameroon in May 1957.

Part II: Reasons for the fall of Mbida or why the Euphoria surrounding Mbida's accession as Prime Minister was short-lived.

Unfortunately, the Euphoria surrounding Mbida`s accession to power could no longer continued. His government lasted only for Nine months spanning from May 1957 to February 1958. As he was replaced with Ahidjo. A number of factors accounted for his brief stay in office. These factors would be analyzed below.

• The dictatorial and autocratic policies of Mbida quicken his stay in power. Mbida adopted an authoritarian and arbitrary style of running the government. He frequently took major decisions in his government without consulting or take advice from members of his government. With this, he antagonized his political supporters to such an extent that few regretted his departure.
• The resignation of some ministers from Mbida's government was the immediate blow to the fall of Mbida in February 1958. Following Mbida's ten (10years) program published on  January 1958 without independence and reunification which were the popular options at the time was rejected or opposed by some of his ministers such as Ahidjo and choose to resigned. Mbida went ahead to replaced them with members of his party which Jean Ramadier refused to endorse this new cabinet of ministers. This culminated to the dismissal of Mbida in February 1958.

• Mbida's ideas on the political future of French Cameroon was highly unpopular. Mbida insisted that French Cameroon was not yet ripe for independence and committed another great error by opposing the reunification of Cameroon which almost all the political groups at the time supported. Thus, his downfall.
• Mbida's inability to handle the UPC terrorism. He instead opted for military solution to resolve the problem but unfortunately for him, the French and many other ministers in his government wanted a political dialogue with the UPC members. He refused to grant conditional amnesty to the UPC militants. This antagonism of Mbida on the UPC contributed greatly to his downfall.
• Mbida's proclamation at the DC congress at Abong-Mbang facilitated for his down fall. In this meeting, he offended the Moslem ministers and the rest of Moslem community in the north by calling for democratization of the north. He equally promises to transfer civil servants from the south to north Cameroon. This proclamation caused the northerners to decide seceding to join Chad or Ubangi chari. Hence his down fall.
  Conclusion
  Summarize the main issues raised and say he was replaced with Ahidjo in 1958.

A:

A.PART I: Why French Cameroonians wanted the return of the Germans to Cameroon.

• German propaganda in the 1930s under Adolph Hitler to regain Cameroon encourages French Cameroonians to support the German campaign.
• Harsh French colonial policies in French Cameroon. The French Cameroonians were subjected to corvee which was forced labour in road and railway instructions; prestation a policy where Cameroonians natives were to render 10days of free and compulsory labour to the French government every year. Such harsh policies which did not exist during the German colonial rule. Hence pro-German feelings.

• The rapid pace of Economic development witnessed during the German colonial equally contribution to pro-German feeling amongst the French Cameroonians. Agriculture, transport and the economy as a whole greatly expanded under the Germans. On the other hand, the socio-Economic achievements recorded by the French were slower and this created nostalgia feeling.
• The benefits derived by the chiefs during the German colonial rule cost them a lot. The Germans respected the chiefs more than the French, under the French traditional rulers were molested. For example sultan Njoya of Bamoun was deposed and exiled to Yaoundé in 1933.
• The benefits derived by the German plantation workers encouraged pro-German feeling in French Cameroon. The French Cameroonians who had worked in German-owned plantations and those who had equally worked in German trading companies like Gesselschelt sud-kamerun cost them much during the French colonial rule and influenced them to nursed feelings that the Germans should come back.

B.PART II: How the indigenes of French Cameroon manifested their sympathy for the German return to Cameroon.

• Formation of pro- German association to support German return to Cameroon They created an association to raise influence called Association of indigenous Germanophille Cameroonians. They included the educated class, chiefs, and former German plantation workers to fight for German return to Cameroon.
• Writing of petition letters: The educated class of French Cameroon wrote petition letters to the League of Nations against French rule and rather preferring the Germans or self rule. Traditional leaders or rulers who had benefited from the German colonial Authorities started writing letters to Adolf Hitler of Germany inviting him to come and take Cameroon in the hands of France. A good example of such a letter was the letter written by Chief Jean Nyap of Ndogbessi. His letter read thus;
  "I was born under your empire and I am either 35 or 36 years old. I am telling you with tears in my eyes- I very much like Germany. I would very much wish that you return to Cameroon. French orders are different from yours. I very much like to write often but there is no route".

CONCLUSION
The French reaction to these calls was vigorous. They arrested people suspected of pro-German sentiments. The French also intensified the policy of Assimation, prestation and also sponsor anti- German Assimiliations to counteract these calls. E.g JEUCAFRA created in 1938 by Paul soppo priso, union camerouniase (U.C) of 1937 by Jean Mandessi Bell and Leonard Moume Etia.

A:

A - PART I: How France respected the terms of the mandate.

• According to the mandate agreement, France was expected to work for the material economic and social wellbeing of Cameroonians. To greater extent France respected this term of the mandate more than the British. France extended the railway lines that were left by the Germans without completion. She also constructed roads, some of which were tarred. she build schools and hospitals. Most famous was Dr Eugene Jamot who fought for the eradication of sleeping sickness in French Cameroon.

• France was to maintain peace order and good government to a greater extent peace and order reopened though they were some revolts.
• The French were to protect from drugs and traffic in arms. This was greatly upheld by the French because there was no evidence that Cameroon was a entre in the traffic in either drugs nor arms during the mandate period.
• The French were to submit annual reports of the state of the territory to the League of Nations. The French greatly respected this term. As such reports were often prepared by the administrative officers and covered aspects such as economic development etc. Such reports have been good source of information to many researchers in present day Cameroon.
• Complete demilitarization term or principle which stipulated that France should not keep any military such as installation of air bases, naval ports was strictly respected by the France. Apart from the police force to maintain peace and order, there was no colonial military presence in French Cameroon.
• The term that France was to allow freedom of worship was strictly respected. The Catholics, Baptist, Presbyterians freely operated in French Cameroon. Besides the natives were not compelled to accept Christianity. Instead, the French attempted to press on the activities of the natives Baptist Church in Douala.

B -PART II: How the French disrespect the principles of the mandate?

• The French were to respect the native laws and customs of the people. The French disrespected this principle as chiefs were greatly manipulated rather than maintaining the peoples customs Assimilation attempted to turn the people into Frenchmen.
• France was to check all forms of force labour and child abuse. The French greatly disrespect this principle of the mandate through the corneer indignant and prestation policies. Even child abuse was still carry out in the hinterlands.
• According to the principle of the mandate, France was not to exploit the colonial people . France went contrary to this term as the economic policy of France in French Cameroon was influence by the theory of "La mise en valeur" . This theory was aimed at maximum economic satisfaction of France first before the economic interest of the colonies in case of any benefit derived from the colonies. As a result France embarked on the ruthless exploitation of labour and other resources.
• Again during the Second World War, France recruited soldiers and established military forces in Cameroon which was against the terms of the mandate. About 40.000 French Cameroonian soldiers were recruited to join the ranks of the "Free French forces of General Charles De Goule.
• France did not conform to the term of the mandate by which she was to allow complete freedom of worship. As she expelled many German missionaries from Cameroon. Although France had pressed the native Baptist church at the beginning, she later refused to recognize the native Baptist church as an independent religious body. She burnt down churches and disrupted some of their meetings
  CONCLUSION
  Summary of the main issues raised.

A:

PART I: Reasons for the failure or ineffectiveness of indigenous resistance to French rule.

• The resistance were ineffective because the French adopted the policy of divide and rule; which prevented the natives from forming a united front against the French.
• The maltreated given to some resistance leaders by the French rendered native resistance to French rule ineffective and ultimately failure. For example arrest, detention and elimination of some resistance leaders like Karnour frightened others.
• The native resistance failure against the French rule because French forces were well trained, armed, and better equipped with modern weapons than the native who were fighting with rudimentary weapons like dane Guns, bow and arrows.
• The natives lacked the economic resources to sponsor prolonged war against the French because most of them were farmers who could not completely abandoned farms for prolonged war.

• The Great Depression of 1929 and 1930s greatly affected the native to launch a strong fight against the French. The depression affected heavy weight business French Cameroonians who could sponsor prolong war. Their businesses were shattered by the depression couple with a fall in the prices of basic goods.
• Some native collaborated with the French colonial masters against other tribes. For example the Ewondo people supported the French against the Dualas. This help to weakened or render native war effort in effective.
• The French opened special schools for the sons of chiefs in places like Yaounde, Garoua and Dschang. This helped to please some natives who became very loyal to the French administration. Thus, failure of native resistance to French rule during the mandate period.
  Conclusion
  Summarize the main issue and states some effects.

A:

PART I: Causes of the widespread revolts and protests in French Cameroon during the mandate.

• The French disrespect of the indigenous traditional values was one of the principal reasons for the widespread revolts against the French by the indigenes. For example, the appointment of warrant Chiefs amongst the Doualas.
• The French refusal to grant self government to some indigenous tribes. The Doualas was a silent example.
• The blunders of the French colonial administration by appointing incompetent French administrators to rule who were inexperienced and incompetent. For example Crubile an agricultural experts appointed to rule in the Gbaya land caused the revolt.
• The Franco-Douala differences over the Germano-Douala treaty. The French refused to renew the Germano-Douala treaty.
• The French economic policy of la Mise Envaleur caused revolt. The policy was aimed at exploiting the resources of French Cameroon to develop France first before the colonies.
• The French imposition of the cash crop cultivation policy on the natives at the expense of food crops. For example, Gbaya were forced to cultivate cotton.
• The humiliation received by traditional rulers in the hands of the French caused widespread revolts and protests. For example Betote Akwa was humiliated by the French.
• The hardship brought by the great Depression of 1929 and1930s on the natives.
• The natives hated the French policies such as indigenist, prestation that were humiliating and exploitative.

Part II: The measures taken by the French colonial administration to suppress the revolts.

• Elimination of leaders of resisting tribes. The French policy of elimination of the leaders of resisting tribes discourage and frightened others to continue revolts. For example Karnou of Gbaya land was killed.
• Establishment of pro-French schools. By this, we mean that the French establish special schools for the children of chiefs to train them as future Pro-French leaders.
• The French decided to encourage the formation of pro-French Association to safeguard against German return to Cameroon. For example JEUCAFRA.
• The French equally encourage nucleated settlements in order to easily monitor the activities of the natives.
• The French colonial administrators intimidated the natives and gave them special warming against public demonstration and threatened to use force.
• The French promoted more socio-economic development such as roads, railway, school, and health to appease the natives.

Conclusion
Summaries of the main ideas.
Or
Question 2:
The grievances of French Cameroonians against the French during the mandate period were economic. Do you agree.

Guided Answer
Introduction
Part I: Economic grievances of French Cameroonians against the French.

• The French imposition of high and arbitrary taxes on French Cameroonians that made them stressful and miracle. For example head tax, even on children above 12 years.
• The refusal of the French to return lands expropriated by the Germans from the native. Expectation were high after the world war one that the French were to take this lands from the German and handed to them e.g Dualas.
• Imposition of forced labour on the natives. For example the French forced the Bassa people on the Njock-makak railway construction.
• The slow pace of socio-economic development witness by French Cameroonians during the mandate when compare with the German period contributed to revolts e.g Dualas.
• The Great Depression of the 1920s brought hardship to French Cameroonian that they blame France.
• The imposition of cash crop cultivation on the native at the detriment of food crops caused revolt e.g Gbaya were forced to cultivate cotton.

Part II: Other Grievances of French Cameroonians against the French.
Socio-political grievances.

• Hatred against the French policies such as indigenat which means punishment without trial for a range of minor offenses committed, prestation which imply forced labour.
• The French disrespected the indigeonous custom and tradition such as appointment of warrant chiefs by Dualas.

• The French denial to grant self government to the indigenous people e.g Dualas.
• The influence of some indigenous nationalist such as Kanour in the Gbaya land caused Revolts.
• The demand for a new treaty. The Dualas demanded for a new Germano-Duala treaty with the French which they rejected.

Conclusion
Summarized the main ideas and briefly state some consequences

A:

A.PART I: Successes or achievements of Assimilation in French Cameroon.

• Assimilation by language. Many French Cameroonians learned the French language and were able to read and write French. The French language spread to become the linqua-franca in French Cameroon. French became the language of instruction in schools and after independence it became one of the official languages in Cameroon.

• Assimilation by citizenship. The French succeeded to divide the society into two that is "citizens and subjects". The citizens were those assimilated Cameroonians able to read and write French and had adopted French ways of life. This group was protected by French laws and enjoyed the same rights as French men. But the 'subjects" were those French Cameroonians who had not yet adopted French ways of life, could not read and write French. This group suffered under the system of 'indignant'.
• Assimilation by Assemblies. Those assimilated Cameroonians were elected into the constituent French Assembly that drafted the constitution of the Southern French Republic. A good example was Alexander Douala Manga Bell who was elected into the French National Assembly as a deputy.
• Assimilation by formation of pro-French Assimilations. In French Cameroon, some French Cameroonians already assimilated created pro- French Association as a sign of love for France to prevent German return to Cameroon. For example Paul Soppo Priso in 1938 created Jeunesse Camerounaise Franciaze (Jeuca Fra) to fight against German return to Cameroon.
• Assimilation by administration. Another area where Assimilation succeeded in French Cameroon was that French Cameroon was administered as an integral part of France during the mandate period. French rules and laws existing in France were implemented directly in French Cameroon.

B: PART II: Failure or Flaws of the policy of Assimilation.

• Very few Cameroonians applied for French citizenship. These were those who had met up with these conditions according to Assimilation. These conditions were: must be aged 18 years above, married only to one wife, read and write French language. As a result of this difficult condition very few Cameroonians fulfilled this condition. Hence failure.
• There were many revolts organized by French Cameroonians to send the French away. E.g Douala and Baya revolts.
• Cameroonian cultures and institutions were finally implanted and difficult to replace. This forced France to replace Assimilation with Association as the new policy started to respect and collaborated with the French Cameroon traditional rulers. Hence failure of Assimilation.

C: PART III: Reasons for the failure or abandonment of Assimilation to Association.

• It was too expensive to educate the Blackman to be able to attain the level of a French man. The result was that it rains much finances into the French banks.
• The policy was seriously criticized by French schools and businessmen. This group of people argued that Africans as well as Cameroonians were a different branch of human race with their own culture and will be improper to absorb them into French culture .The Assimilated Africans also posed a problem to French businessmen as they became their economic rivals.
  

Conclusively, the implementation of the French policy of Assimilation recorded a good number of successes as well as failures. We should not also lost side of the fact that the policy of Assimilation was later replaced by Association to solve problem created by Association.

A:

A.PART I: Successes or achievements of Assimilation in French Cameroon.

• Assimilation by language. Many French Cameroonians learned the French language and were able to read and write French. The French language spread to become the linqua-franca in French Cameroon. French became the language of instruction in schools and after independence it became one of the official languages in Cameroon.

• Assimilation by citizenship. The French succeeded to divide the society into two that is "citizens and subjects". The citizens were those assimilated Cameroonians able to read and write French and had adopted French ways of life. This group was protected by French laws and enjoyed the same rights as French men. But the 'subjects" were those French Cameroonians who had not yet adopted French ways of life, could not read and write French. This group suffered under the system of 'indignant'.
• Assimilation by Assemblies. Those assimilated Cameroonians were elected into the constituent French Assembly that drafted the constitution of the Southern French Republic. A good example was Alexander Douala Manga Bell who was elected into the French National Assembly as a deputy.
• Assimilation by formation of pro-French Assimilations. In French Cameroon, some French Cameroonians already assimilated created pro- French Association as a sign of love for France to prevent German return to Cameroon. For example Paul Soppo Priso in 1938 created Jeunesse Camerounaise Franciaze (Jeuca Fra) to fight against German return to Cameroon.
• Assimilation by administration. Another area where Assimilation succeeded in French Cameroon was that French Cameroon was administered as an integral part of France during the mandate period. French rules and laws existing in France were implemented directly in French Cameroon.

B: PART II: Failure or Flaws of the policy of Assimilation.

• Very few Cameroonians applied for French citizenship. These were those who had met up with these conditions according to Assimilation. These conditions were: must be aged 18 years above, married only to one wife, read and write French language. As a result of this difficult condition very few Cameroonians fulfilled this condition. Hence failure.
• There were many revolts organized by French Cameroonians to send the French away. E.g Douala and Baya revolts.
• Cameroonian cultures and institutions were finally implanted and difficult to replace. This forced France to replace Assimilation with Association as the new policy started to respect and collaborated with the French Cameroon traditional rulers. Hence failure of Assimilation.

C: PART III: Reasons for the failure or abandonment of Assimilation to Association.

• It was too expensive to educate the Blackman to be able to attain the level of a French man. The result was that it rains much finances into the French banks.
• The policy was seriously criticized by French schools and businessmen. This group of people argued that Africans as well as Cameroonians were a different branch of human race with their own culture and will be improper to absorb them into French culture .The Assimilated Africans also posed a problem to French businessmen as they became their economic rivals.
  

Conclusively, the implementation of the French policy of Assimilation recorded a good number of successes as well as failures. We should not also lost side of the fact that the policy of Assimilation was later replaced by Association to solve problem created by Association.

A:

A.PART I: Successes or achievements of Assimilation in French Cameroon.

• Assimilation by language. Many French Cameroonians learned the French language and were able to read and write French. The French language spread to become the linqua-franca in French Cameroon. French became the language of instruction in schools and after independence it became one of the official languages in Cameroon.

• Assimilation by citizenship. The French succeeded to divide the society into two that is "citizens and subjects". The citizens were those assimilated Cameroonians able to read and write French and had adopted French ways of life. This group was protected by French laws and enjoyed the same rights as French men. But the 'subjects" were those French Cameroonians who had not yet adopted French ways of life, could not read and write French. This group suffered under the system of 'indignant'.
• Assimilation by Assemblies. Those assimilated Cameroonians were elected into the constituent French Assembly that drafted the constitution of the Southern French Republic. A good example was Alexander Douala Manga Bell who was elected into the French National Assembly as a deputy.
• Assimilation by formation of pro-French Assimilations. In French Cameroon, some French Cameroonians already assimilated created pro- French Association as a sign of love for France to prevent German return to Cameroon. For example Paul Soppo Priso in 1938 created Jeunesse Camerounaise Franciaze (Jeuca Fra) to fight against German return to Cameroon.
• Assimilation by administration. Another area where Assimilation succeeded in French Cameroon was that French Cameroon was administered as an integral part of France during the mandate period. French rules and laws existing in France were implemented directly in French Cameroon.

B: PART II: Failure or Flaws of the policy of Assimilation.

• Very few Cameroonians applied for French citizenship. These were those who had met up with these conditions according to Assimilation. These conditions were: must be aged 18 years above, married only to one wife, read and write French language. As a result of this difficult condition very few Cameroonians fulfilled this condition. Hence failure.
• There were many revolts organized by French Cameroonians to send the French away. E.g Douala and Baya revolts.
• Cameroonian cultures and institutions were finally implanted and difficult to replace. This forced France to replace Assimilation with Association as the new policy started to respect and collaborated with the French Cameroon traditional rulers. Hence failure of Assimilation.

C: PART III: Reasons for the failure or abandonment of Assimilation to Association.

• It was too expensive to educate the Blackman to be able to attain the level of a French man. The result was that it rains much finances into the French banks.
• The policy was seriously criticized by French schools and businessmen. This group of people argued that Africans as well as Cameroonians were a different branch of human race with their own culture and will be improper to absorb them into French culture .The Assimilated Africans also posed a problem to French businessmen as they became their economic rivals.
  

Conclusively, the implementation of the French policy of Assimilation recorded a good number of successes as well as failures. We should not also lost side of the fact that the policy of Assimilation was later replaced by Association to solve problem created by Association.

A:

A.PART I: Successes or achievements of Assimilation in French Cameroon.

• Assimilation by language. Many French Cameroonians learned the French language and were able to read and write French. The French language spread to become the linqua-franca in French Cameroon. French became the language of instruction in schools and after independence it became one of the official languages in Cameroon.

• Assimilation by citizenship. The French succeeded to divide the society into two that is "citizens and subjects". The citizens were those assimilated Cameroonians able to read and write French and had adopted French ways of life. This group was protected by French laws and enjoyed the same rights as French men. But the 'subjects" were those French Cameroonians who had not yet adopted French ways of life, could not read and write French. This group suffered under the system of 'indignant'.
• Assimilation by Assemblies. Those assimilated Cameroonians were elected into the constituent French Assembly that drafted the constitution of the Southern French Republic. A good example was Alexander Douala Manga Bell who was elected into the French National Assembly as a deputy.
• Assimilation by formation of pro-French Assimilations. In French Cameroon, some French Cameroonians already assimilated created pro- French Association as a sign of love for France to prevent German return to Cameroon. For example Paul Soppo Priso in 1938 created Jeunesse Camerounaise Franciaze (Jeuca Fra) to fight against German return to Cameroon.
• Assimilation by administration. Another area where Assimilation succeeded in French Cameroon was that French Cameroon was administered as an integral part of France during the mandate period. French rules and laws existing in France were implemented directly in French Cameroon.

B: PART II: Failure or Flaws of the policy of Assimilation.

• Very few Cameroonians applied for French citizenship. These were those who had met up with these conditions according to Assimilation. These conditions were: must be aged 18 years above, married only to one wife, read and write French language. As a result of this difficult condition very few Cameroonians fulfilled this condition. Hence failure.
• There were many revolts organized by French Cameroonians to send the French away. E.g Douala and Baya revolts.
• Cameroonian cultures and institutions were finally implanted and difficult to replace. This forced France to replace Assimilation with Association as the new policy started to respect and collaborated with the French Cameroon traditional rulers. Hence failure of Assimilation.

C: PART III: Reasons for the failure or abandonment of Assimilation to Association.

• It was too expensive to educate the Blackman to be able to attain the level of a French man. The result was that it rains much finances into the French banks.
• The policy was seriously criticized by French schools and businessmen. This group of people argued that Africans as well as Cameroonians were a different branch of human race with their own culture and will be improper to absorb them into French culture .The Assimilated Africans also posed a problem to French businessmen as they became their economic rivals.
  

Conclusively, the implementation of the French policy of Assimilation recorded a good number of successes as well as failures. We should not also lost side of the fact that the policy of Assimilation was later replaced by Association to solve problem created by Association.

A:

PART I: The similarities OR Comparism in Application

• Both Britain and France promoted socio-economic developments to enhance the wellbeing of their inhabitants.
• Both powers promoted the principle of good governance in their respective zones through their systems of administration.
• Both powers promoted the Freedom of conscience and worships
• Both Britain and France to a lesser extend installed naval or military bases in their respective territories on the eve of the second World War.
• Both powers fought against drugs and arms traffic in their territories.
• Lastly both submitted annual reports to the league of Nations.

PART II: The Differences OR contrasts in Application

• The British respected native laws and customs through indirect Rule while the French destroy it through Assimilation.
• The British avoided all forms of forced or compulsory labour while the French exercised full scale of compulsory labour through corvee and prestation.
• The French carried out meaningful Socio-economic developments in their territory while the British largely neglected socio-economic developments in her own zone.
• The British policies promoted peace and order in British Cameroons while the French policies provoked revolts such as the Douala and Baya revolts.

• France established economic monopoly in French Cameroon while Britain allowed other countries like Germany to trade in British Cameroon.

CONCLUSION
Summary of the main issues raised

A:

A PART I: How Britain respected the terms OR principles of the mandate in her zone.

• Britain was expected to ensure peace. order and good government in British Cameroon. By this principle, Britain was expected to set up a form of administration acceptable to the colonial people as to avoid any discontent. Britain had adopted a system of indirect rule based on native authorities so that the Cameroonian native was able to participate in decision making on matters affecting them. This explains why they were no boycotts, riots and resistance in the British Cameroons as was the case the case in French Cameroon.
• Britain was expected to respect the native laws and customs of the people. Indirect rule implemented by the British had much respect for this mandate term. Vernacular schools were encouraged and Justice was dispensed in the native courts Following the customs and traditions of the people. Even the traditional authorities were largely recognized, respected and involved in local administration in British Cameroon. E.g Nanga William of Victoria was appointed by the Clifford constitution to represent southern Cameroon in the legislative house of Assembly in Lagos Nigeria.

• Britain was forbidden to establish neither a military, naval nor a native militia. Britain respected and followed this principle as the police force that was formed during the mandate period was strictly for the maintenance of peace and order. By 1938. the police force numbered only 136 men.
• Britain was to submit annual reports on the state of the territory to the League of Nations. Britain respected this term of the mandate system. Such reports were often prepared by the administrative officers and covered aspects of the territory's administrative organization, ethnic composition, economic and social development such reports have served as a major source of information to many researchers in Cameroon today to be verified in some National Achieves of Cameroon like Buea.
• Britain was required to suppress the slave trade, slavery and all forms of forced labour and also the traffic in aims and drugs. Of course. Britain was already fighting against the slave trade along the coast of Cameroon, long before the mandate period. Slavery and slave trade was completely checked and labour was usually paid by the British even though relatively love.
  Britain was to allow the citizen to exercise complete freedom of conscience and worship. Britain exercises much liberalization. The catholics and protestant missionaries were allowed even the Germans based missionaries still operated in British Cameroon. The moslems in the North of British Cameroons were allowed to practice their religion - Islam.

B: PART II: How British did not conform or disrespected the terms or principles of the mandate in Cameroon.

• Even though Britain was required by the terms of the mandate to promote the well being of the natives, but she disrespected this as Britain neglected the development of British Southern Cameroons in terms of infrastructures. The number of hospitals and medical doctors were in adequate. There were only six doctors and 31 nurses. There were no secondary schools except a college in Sassa opened by the Catholic. Motorways were also neglected and most roads were seasonal.
• Britain disrespected or went contrary with the mandate term of force labour by recruiting 3500 Cameroonians into the British West African Frontier Force during the Second World War. These Cameroonians fought and defended Britain not Cameroon.
• Britain disrespected the mandate term of good governance in the colonies. Britain took Cameroon and attached to Nigeria. She encourages many Nigerians to migrate to Cameroon who became rude, arrogant. discriminated against the Cameroonians on their soil. It was as if Nigeria was the second colonial master in British Cameroons.

CONCLUSION
Summary of the main issues raised. Criticize the league .For example, the League of Nations failed to put in place some mechanism to reinforce Britain to respect the terms of the mandate as the case with the U.N.O. The league said nothing about the future independence and Reunification of British and French Cameroons.

A:

A PART I: Why Britain neglected British Southern Cameroons

• Britain was ignorant of the economic potentials of the territory apart from the fertile soils.
• Britain felt that the Germans may one day return to take back the territory. When Hitler rose to power, he launched an international campaign for the recovery of all Germans colonies including Cameroon.
• The territory had been devastated by the First World War. It was therefore costly to repair the damage.
• The Great Depression of 1929 and the early 1930s created economic problems for Britain at home such as fall of output and unemployment. Britian therefore paid very little attention to the economic development of Southern Cameroons.
• The British were unwilling to tax heavily its citizens to support the development of Southern Cameroons.
• There was no separate budget for the British Southern Cameroons. Finance for the development of the territory was to come through the budget of Nigeria but often little or nothing was allocated for the territory.

B: PART II How was Britain neglect of Southern Cameroons development per socioeconomic.
Economic neglect:

• In terms of road, very little was done, mostly seasonal roads. There was only one ring road linking the Bamenda - Wum and Nkambe Division and the road was seasonal.
• The British also neglected in the domain of railway construction. Railway lines remained what the Germans had constructed and no effect was made to develop new ones. Even the existing lines constructed by the German were beyond repairs and depreciating.
• The ports of Tiko and Victoria were also neglected as they were underutilized. There was no British effort to improve them beyond what the Germans had done.
• During the mandate period, Britain allowed the control of plantation agriculture in the hands of the Germans. The British citizens had refused to buy theses plantations during the first auction sales in 1923 and during the several auction sales in 1924, German planters bought the entire plantation in the territory.

• In terms of trade, it was still the Germans not British that dominated trading in British Southern Cameroons. The German planters exported all the crops cultivated in the territory to Germany and implanted equipment and farming tools from Germany

Social neglect:

• Education was neglected. The British did not create any government secondary school during the mandate period and few that existed was created by missionaries. Very few government primary schools were created. Most schools were controlled by Christian missions and native authorities. In 1939, the catholic mission created the first secondary school at Sassa called Saint Joseph College Sassa in Buea. Due to the absence of secondary schools, most southern Cameroonians like Endeley, Foncha trekked to Nigeria for post primary education.
• Another social area of neglect was in the domain area of health centres, one in each division of the six with one doctor in each of the health centre given a total of six doctors in the whole territory. The six doctors were in the ratio of one doctor to more than 90,000 patients.
• Hospitals were over crowed with inadequate drugs. The situation was worsening by the introduction of fee in the hospital which reduced the number of native visiting the hospital.
• The British also failed to protect Southern Cameroonians against Nigerian discrimination, domination and exploitation.

Conclusion:
British neglect of the development of Southern Cameroons can not only be limited to socio - economic. We should not lose sight of the fact that they were equally political neglect. These neglect had far reaching effects on the socio - economic disparities which existed in the then West Cameroon and East Cameroon. Today, the North West and South West Regions (former Southern Cameroons) continue to be lacking behind I terms of socio- economic and political developments with the Francophone regions of Cameroon. This is as a result of these colonial heritages

A:

PART I: Health and Educational reforms
A. Health

• From the beginning of British mandate in 1922, in Southern Cameroons, she faced some health related diseases such as small pox, influenza, dysentery, chicken pox etc. Faced with these challenges; the British colonial government took some measures to eradicate these diseases under the supervision of the Department of Medical and Sanitary Services at Enugu.
• The British equally established hospitals in the four Division of Southern Cameroon in 1946, the Division were increased to six, making each Division to have a hospital and a medical Doctor given a total of six Doctors.
• In 1924, the British Resident in Southern Cameroons William Arnett imposed for the payment of fees in these hospitals. This was later abolished in the 1930 s and reintroduced in 1944 when the number of patients increased.
• Clinic centers were also established along the Kumba Mamfe Roads.

B. Education Reforms

• Elementary education was provided by the colonial government, missions and native Authorities.
• The curriculum of studies included the teaching of Hygiene, Agriculture, Reading, writing, Arithmetic, singing and Religion
• Education was financed from the payment of school fees, sale of produce from school farms, fees charged from manual labour, grants from Native Authorities and from government.
• In 1924, the British colonial government published regulation which provided free education for infants, and equally made education uniform for all.
• In 1932, primary Education was reduced from 9 to 8 years.
• Teacher - training centers were opened at kake in Kumba by the British and another open at Njinikom by the Roman Catholic Mission.
• In 1919, Government primary school up station in Bamenda was open headed by a head master from Nigeria. The aim of this school was to educate children of the colonial - officers.

PART II: Failures of the British

• In terms of education, the British Colonial government failed to promote post primary education such as secondary education. No single one was open by the British except of Saint Joseph College Sasse open 1939 by the Roman Catholic Mission.
• Most health facilities were abandoned in the hands of the Native Authorities.
• High fees charged in hospitals reduced the number of patients.
• There was an inadequate number of Health officers as only six medical Doctors existed.

CONCLUSION
Summary of the issues raised.

A:

PART I: Benefits of Indirect Rule on the indigenes of Southern Cameroons

• Help to preserve native customs and tradition.
• Indirect Rule helped to reinstate traditional rulers who were deposed by the Germans such as chief Asonganyi of Fontem.
• Indirect Rule made traditional rulers to be trained in the art of modern administration.
• It provided for a relatively cordial administration between the British and the natives.
• Native enjoyed the system of Justice based on their customs and traditions
• The policy helped to prepare the natives toward self-rule.

PART II: Disadvantages of the policy OR How it failed to satisfy the aspirations of the indigenes.

• The policy neglected the linguistic, cultural and traditional peculiarities of the chiefdoms.
• The policy failed to unite the traditional rulers and the Western educated Elite, because the Elite felt that they were better placed to represent the people than the chiefs.

• Indirect Rule made the traditional rulers to become stooges to the British rather than serving the interest of their subjects.
• The policy failed to promote rapid socio-Economic development like the case of Assimilation in French Cameroon.
• The policy promoted tribal sentiments and disunity.

CONCLUSION
Summaries of the issue raised