PART I: Reasons for partition

• To share the naval facilities at the coast of Cameroon. Both wanted to share the ports of Douala and Victoria.
• The failure of the Anglo-French condominium was the main reason for partition.
• Britain and France partition Cameroon to prevent the Germans from ever hoping of returning to regain Cameroon.
• Partition was intended to punish Germany for giving the firs world war.
• Britain and France partition Cameroon in other to share German investments like plantations.
• To raise French moral so as to continue the war.

PART II: Steps or stages of Partition of Cameroon

• In February 1916, the French Diplomat George Picot and the British Foreign Secretary Lancelot Oliphant met in London and partition Cameroon. Oliphant produced the map of Cameroon and asked Picot to determine the zone the French
• would like. Picot used a ruler and traced a line on the map of Cameroon from Lake Chad in the north to the south.
• In March 1916, a series of meeting were held in Douala between Dobell and Aymerich to officially effects the partition plan on the ground was traced from Lake Chad in the north to river Mungo in the South. In April 1916, the British and French officials move to their respective zones with Dobell and Aymerich appointed commission in the British and French zones respectively.
  58

• The partition line became known as the picot line in which the French got  of Cameroon (432.00sqkm) with a population of 2 million and Britain got  of Cameroon (88.000sqkm) with a population of 500,000 people.
• In June 1919, Germany was forced to sign the treaty of Versailles handing over Cameroon to Britain and France.
• In July 1919. British foreign minister Alfred Lord Milner and the French minister for colonies Henri - Simon signed the Milner - Simon agreement which confirmed the partition.
• In 1922, the League of Nations approved the partition.

PART III: Consequences of the Partition.

• Partition led to Anglophone problem in Cameroon.
• Partition restricted the smooth movements of people and goods between the two zones:
• Partition led to separation of ethnic groups and families e.g Bakweri, Bakossi, Mbos, Balong, Bamilekes.
• Partition led to Bilingualism in Cameroon.
• Partition led to inequality in Cameroon i.e. in terms of development.
• Assess others.

Conclusion
Summaries of the issues raised

PART I: Reasons for partition

• To share the naval facilities at the coast of Cameroon. Both wanted to share the ports of Douala and Victoria.
• The failure of the Anglo-French condominium was the main reason for partition.
• Britain and France partition Cameroon to prevent the Germans from ever hoping of returning to regain Cameroon.
• Partition was intended to punish Germany for giving the firs world war.
• Britain and France partition Cameroon in other to share German investments like plantations.
• To raise French moral so as to continue the war.

PART II: Steps or stages of Partition of Cameroon

• In February 1916, the French Diplomat George Picot and the British Foreign Secretary Lancelot Oliphant met in London and partition Cameroon. Oliphant produced the map of Cameroon and asked Picot to determine the zone the French
• would like. Picot used a ruler and traced a line on the map of Cameroon from Lake Chad in the north to the south.
• In March 1916, a series of meeting were held in Douala between Dobell and Aymerich to officially effects the partition plan on the ground was traced from Lake Chad in the north to river Mungo in the South. In April 1916, the British and French officials move to their respective zones with Dobell and Aymerich appointed commission in the British and French zones respectively.
  58

• The partition line became known as the picot line in which the French got  of Cameroon (432.00sqkm) with a population of 2 million and Britain got  of Cameroon (88.000sqkm) with a population of 500,000 people.
• In June 1919, Germany was forced to sign the treaty of Versailles handing over Cameroon to Britain and France.
• In July 1919. British foreign minister Alfred Lord Milner and the French minister for colonies Henri - Simon signed the Milner - Simon agreement which confirmed the partition.
• In 1922, the League of Nations approved the partition.

PART III: Consequences of the Partition.

• Partition led to Anglophone problem in Cameroon.
• Partition restricted the smooth movements of people and goods between the two zones:
• Partition led to separation of ethnic groups and families e.g Bakweri, Bakossi, Mbos, Balong, Bamilekes.
• Partition led to Bilingualism in Cameroon.
• Partition led to inequality in Cameroon i.e. in terms of development.
• Assess others.

Conclusion
Summaries of the issues raised

A.PART I: Reasons for the proposed Anglo-French condominium or why the condominium was more theoretical.

• There were repeated German attempts to recapture some territories already captured by Britain and France in Cameroon. It was felt that only a condominium would check the German menace.
• Britain and France wanted to share the high cost of maintaining an army in Cameroon.
• The Allied powers were out to compensate themselves for the role played in the liberation of Cameroon.
• The Allied powers claimed that a condominium could ensure the unity of German Kamerun after the war.
• Douala as a nave base with it transmitter was very strategic. Both partners wanted Douala.
• Douala was a terminus of two railways, center of trade and a port town was attractive to both parties.

B.PART II: Reasons for the failure of the condominium or inapplicability of condominium

• Apart from Douala were in 1915 the British and French military officials established a joint rule under Dobell, the Idea of the condominium never took place in Cameroon. It was more theoretical than a practical experience or better still a "Myth than a reality" Therefore, the condominium was "easier said than done". The reasons below would explain why the condominium failed in Cameroon.
• The authority issue divided Britain and France. Britain wanted all the services, civilian and military to be control all by Dobell white the French wanted Aymerick to control either the civilian or military affairs.
• British insisted that in case of transfer or death of Dobell, he should be succeeded by another British officer while the French rejected and wanted a French officer to succeed Dobell. Hence failure of condominium.

Territorial issue was another reason for the failure of the joint Anglo-French condominium. Britain wanted the condominium to be applied to all areas

A.PART I: The role played by conflict of Authority to the failure of the condominium.

• Firstly Britain and France were divided over the authority issue. The British were of the opinion that all the services, civilian and military be under control of Dobell, while the French wanted Aymerich to have the same powers as the British or the posts are shared.
• There was also a difference over succession at the head of the condominium. According to the British incase of death, Dobell be succeeded by another British man which France rejected and said it should be succeeded by a French man. Hence failure to establish a joint government.
• Again, the report written by General Dobell on the war in Cameroon undermine the French authority and helped to annoyed the French as he Vader rated the role played by the French in the defeat of Germany. This conflict over contribution prevented the establishment of the condominium.
• British decision of reshaping her eastern Nigerian Frontier and appointing British officials in Cameroon without consulting Bance also led to the failure of the condominium. The fact that Britain treated France as a junior part without recognizing her authority as equal partner led to the demise of the condominium.

B.PART II: The contribution of other factors to the failure of the condominium.

Not conflict of authority alone contributed to the failure of the British and French joint venture. They equally existed other causes.

• Territorial issue. The British wanted the condominium to cover all parts of Cameroon whether jointly conquer or separately conquered. On the other hand the French refused insisting that the condominium should cover only areas jointly conquered by British and French troops.
• Differences in colonial policies and language between Britain and France made joint administration difficult. The French policy of assimilation and the British practice of indirect rule could not be applied in one colony.
• Britain and France also failed to establish a condominium in Cameroon because of conflict over the appellation issue of the name. Britain wanted it to be called a joint administration while France refused and wanted to be called condominium.
• Financial issue also led to the failure of condominium. The British suggested that each country should take care of the expenses on its troops. The French rejected this idea because they had more troops than the British in Cameroon.

CONCLUSION
The failure of the condominium created suspicion and tension between France and Britain it affected the war time collaborative spirit of the two countries and the most important result of the failure of the attempt was the partition of Cameroon and ultimate endorsement by the League of Nations in 1922.

PART I: The Role of the fall of Douala to German defeat in the war

• The capture of Douala deprived the Germans of war and reinforcement at home.
• The capture of Douala deprived the Germans of its powerful transmission station.
• The capture of Douala by the allied deprived Germany of any possibility of organizing a counter attack from Rio-Muni.

• The capture of Douala affected the German trade. This was because Douala was a terminus of two railway lines and an important centre for trade. So its fall adversely affected the Germans
• Douala served as head quarters of the West African Expeditionary force (WAEF)

PART II: Other factors which accelerated the German defeat.

• The sudden unity of the Allied by the formation of the West African Expeditionary Force under Charles Dobell.
• Allied attack on the Germans in Cameroon from all fronts.
• The support given to the Allied by some ethnic groups e.g Dualas.
• The combine force of Britain, France and Belgium.
• German forces were already exhausted by the many wars of resistance they fought against the resisting tribes in Cameroon.
• The numerical superiority of the allied soldiers.

CONCLUSION
Summaries of the issues raised.

A -Part I: The extent to which the Germano-Douala treaty satisfy Cameroonians aspirations.

• The native ownership of land was accepted by the Germans and included in the final treaty of annexation. Even though the Germans were later to violate it to seize native land.
• The Germano-Douala treaty accepted the indigenes or Cameroonians to maintain their customs and traditions following the German annexation of Cameroon. This meant that the natives were to continue with their customs the usually have been doing.
• The chiefs of Cameroon were to continue levying their dues as formerly as indicated by Cameroon in the preliminary treaty.
• The fact that, the Germano - Douala treaty to a certain degree respected the native draft to define the boundaries from river Bimbia in the North to river qua-qua in the south are all clear evidence to show that the Germano-Douala treaty did not completely ignore all the clause of the king’s memorandum. It satisfies some Cameroonians aspirations.

• The clause that former treaties of friendship and commerce should remain enforce was equally respected and included in the German-Douala treaty of 12 July 1884.

B.PART II : The extent to which the Germano-Douala treaty did not satisfy the aspirations of Cameroonians.

• The treaty went as far as adding territories that Cameroonians never spelt out in the conditions under which Cameroonians provided German annexation of Cameroon.
• Not all Cameroonian chiefs were invited to be present during the final draft of the handing over of Cameroon to the Germans only the coastal chiefs like king Bell and Akwa who have indebted themselves to the Germans and has taken German bribe were invited at the detriment of the interior Cameroon chiefs. Even some coastal chiefs whom Bell and Akwa did not compromise with them to provide their own share of the German bribe were not present. E.g Lock Priso of hickory town staged a revolt against German annexation of Cameroon because he was not invited:
• Again, the native middle man monopoly of trade was the most disregarded terms which the Germano - Douala treaty completely eliminated against the wishes of Cameroonians. Thus prepare a future conflict between the Germans and the Cameroonian natives.
• Another bold step taken by the Germano-Douala treaty against the wishes of Cameroonians was that, there should be no arrest, beating and detention without faults as indicated by the preliminary treaty. This clause was intentionally violated by the Germans immediately after annexation; public flogging was exercise by the Germans in the Ewondo chief Esono Ella in front of his wives and children.
  In addition, the Germano-Douala treaty allowed some chiefs to sign the treaty against the wishes of their subjects. For example king Bell's subjects rose against him for supporting the treaty and he took refuge in the bush. Hence justify the fact that, the Germano-Douala treaty never took into consideration Cameroonian aspirations.

CONCLUSION
The Germano-Douala treaty to a lesser extent satisfies the aspirations of Cameroonians and a majority of which was not taken into consideration as it was out to dissatisfy Cameroonians to the German advantage. Even those Cameroonian chiefs like king Bell who enjoyed the German bribe and accepted annexation, just after merely some days ahead he revolted against the Germans when the Germans seized his land. He invited sultan Njoya of Bamum to support him, as Njoya rejected this support when he said "The Germans are my masters".

A. PART I: Arguments to demonstrate that the German annexation of Cameroon was a coup.

• The love for the British annexation by the British annexation by the Cameroon coastal chiefs. The coastal chiefs had preferred a British annexation through the writing of letters to British government appealing for annexation. For example in 1879, King Akwa had addressed a letter to queen Victoria and 1881 Bell had also sent a letter requesting for British annexation. There is no event that these chiefs ever wrote a letter requesting for German annexation. Hence, any annexation of Cameroon by the Germans rather than British is a coup.
• The dominant British position at the Cameroon coast among other European powers like Germany, Britain had set up more trading companies than Germany, the natives were already familiar with pidgin English, the British had set up a court of equity in Douala 1858. Germany and other European nations at the coast submitted themselves to these courts. Thus any annexation of Cameroon by a different European power other than Britain would simply be regarded as a coup.
• Bismarck False information to the British foreign office on April 1894. The fact that mismark deceived the British foreign office to assist Nachtigal saying that, his mission to Cameroon was to safe guard German traders and to study the state of German commerce. Bismarck later gave Nachtigal new instructions to annex Cameroon for the German and host the German flag at all points shows an aspect of a coup. Britain unknowingly gave Bismarck a free hand to annex Cameroon with ease. This explains why Britain became annoyed and refused to recognize the German annexation of Cameroon.
• The secret meetings between the German traders and the native chiefs are substantial evidence of coup. Such secret meetings were held at night such that the British traders at the coast of Cameroon should not get wind of what was going on. In such meetings the Germans often gave bribe and gifts to induce the chiefs to accept the German annexation. As a result of a gift and bribe, some of the chiefs signed the treaty of annexation against the wishes of others leading to results e.g lock priso refused to accept German annexation and hoisted British flag in his town because. Bell did not share German bribe with him.

• It can also be argued that the German annexation of Cameroon was a coup because preparation letters were prepared in Germany and sent to German traders at the coast to keep the natives prepared and aware of Nachtigals journey. The case in point was the letter written by Adolf Woermann form Germany to Edward Schmidt a German trader at the coast of Cameroon. The letter read thus "I have today to give you a few terms of information which  asked you in the interest of the matter to treat extremely confidentially " Thus it will be unconvincing to say that the German annexation of Cameroon 12 July 1884 was not a coup.

B.PART II: Arguments that German annexation of Cameroon was not a coup.

• It can also be argued that the German annexation of Cameroon was not a coup because Britain did not sign any treaty of annexation with the Cameroon natives. The appeals made by the coastal chiefs requesting the British annexation fell on deaf ears. Cameroon was not actually a British colony and so the German annexation could not be considered a coup. It was only after the German annexation of Cameroon that Britain hosted her flag in Victoria and proclaimed Victoria annexed.
• German dominant at the coast of Cameroon on the eve of annexation surpassed Britain. More German trading vessels came to the coast than the British vessels.
• The Germans were quiet aware of the British reluctance to annex Cameroon following the request by the coastal chiefs.
• It can also be argued that the German annexation of Cameroon was not a coup because Hewett and his followers or accomplist knew that the other European powers like Germany had interest in Cameroon and could annex Cameroon if she did not do it. For example when Hewett left England and assigned by her government to come and annex Cameroon he delay when he went to Nigeria and later informed another British captain Brooke to go to the coast of Cameroon and to inform the chiefs not to sign any treaty of annexation with the German and in which Brooke later dispatch captain Moore who finally came, discuss with the King Bell telling Bell not to sign any treaty with the Germans but to wait for the arrival of consul Hewett on sick leave in Nigeria. Bell accepted and waited for one week which he later change his mind to accept Nachtigal arrival for annexation.

CONCLUSION: Summary of the main issues and indicates some consequences or reactions to German annexation.

A - Part I: Reasons for Britain's unwilling to annex Cameroon.
Britain did not at any time think that Germany could amnex Cameroon since Bismarck had declared in 1871 that he was not interested in colonies.

• Differences in opinion between the British colonial and foreign offces. While the colonial office rejected annexation, the foreign office accepted annexation.
• The presence of tropical disease in Cameroon scared the British to accept annexation.
• British ignorance about the potentials in Cameroon discouraged her to be reluctant for annexation of Cameroon
• British lack enough admiral administrative personnel.
• Inadequate funds to pay administrative personnel's also account for the behavior of reluctance.

B - PART I: Reasons why Britain suddenly change her attitude in favour of annexation.
In 1884 Britain decided for annexation because

• Britain wanted to protect her commercial interest in Cameroon
• Pressure to the British government from the English Baptist Missionaries who feared expulsion in Cameroon
• Pressure by the British traders in Cameroon to their home government. The advantage Britain will gain if she annexes Cameroon.
• The signing of Treaties by the French in 1883 with chiefs of Batanga and Malimba frightened Britain that France was about to annex Cameroon
• Britain discovering of the secret plans of the Germans to annex Cameroon made her to change her mind in favour of annexation

CONCLUSION

• British reluctance in spite all her available efforts made her change of attitude toward annexation. It was Germany that annexed Cameroon following the signing of the German - Douala treaty of  July 1884 .

Part One: Positive Impact

• Promoted evangelization that is opened churches, translated the Bible
• Improvement in education; opened schools in Bimbia, Douala, Victoria
• Encouraged technical works e.g carpentry, tailoring and building
• Provision of health facilities to fight against common diseases like malaria and sleeping sickness
• Abolished slave trade through preaching's
• Promoted legitimate trade e.g Saker opened a cold store
• Improvement in Agriculture e.g introduced new crops and new techniques of farming

• He also laid the foundation of technical education in Cameroon by reviving the kiln set up by Joseph Merrick by creating the first society of craftsmen in Cameroon to bring together Cameroonians who wanted to study brick laying, sawing, tailoring, carpentry, and shoe making.
• He also promoted health activities when he opens the first health centre which he headed with his duties as an Evangelist.
• Saker also promoted agriculture in Cameroon when he introduce fruit tree like mango, avocado and also taught the natives how to cultivate cash crops like oil palm.
  B.PART II: Short comings or limitations of Alfred Saker.
• Saker was criticized by his junior colleagues of spending too much time on civilization especially agriculture, education, and health to the detriment of Evangelization which was the prime mission of the Baptist mission.
• Alfred Saker was accused by Rev. Alexander of mismanagement, poor treatment of his junior colleagues. it is said he always fill his pocket with mission money.
• He took the fertile lands of the natives in Cameroon with little or no compensation e.g the land at Victoria

CONCULSION
A summary of the main issue raised. Also say that apart from Saker, they were other Baptist missionaries who also recorded some successes in Cameroon like Joseph Merrick

Part Two Negative Impact

• Destruction of native Customs and tradition e.g names, polygamy
• Missionary seized native lands
• Their activities were limited to conflicts between the missionaries and some natives
• Led to European scramble and colonization of Cameroon.
  
  

A.PART I : why Alfred Saker is regarded as greatest pioneer missionary in Cameroon

• Saker was among the second batch of the Baptist missionaries who came to Cameroon.
• In 1845, saker open a mission station in Douala called the Bethel mission where he used to spread Christianity to neighboring towns like Akwa, Bell, and Hickory.
• Saker studied the Douala language which he used to translate the Bible into the Douala language.
• In 1858, Saker brought a trip of land from a Bakweri chief called king William of. Bimba of  miles where he opened an important mission station in Victoria for the Baptist mission.
• Saker also created schools in bethel and Hickory. He set up a printing press which he printed text and prayer books, and bibles. Through the influence of saker two European teachers William Doxon and Carrie Comba were posted to Cameroon.
• He also laid the foundation of technical education in Cameroon by reviving the kiln set up by Joseph Merrick by creating the first society of craftsmen in Cameroon to bring together Cameroonians who wanted to study brick laying, sawing, tailoring, carpentry, and shoe making.

• He also promoted health activities when he opens the first health centre which he headed with his duties as an Evangelist.
• Saker also promoted agriculture in Cameroon when he introduce fruit tree like mango, avocado and also taught the natives how to cultivate cash crops like oil palm.
  B.PART II: Short comings or limitations of Alfred Saker.
• Saker was criticized by his junior colleagues of spending too much time on civilization especially agriculture, education, and health to the detriment of Evangelization which was the prime mission of the Baptist mission.
• Alfred Saker was accused by Rev. Alexander of mismanagement, poor treatment of his junior colleagues. it is said he always fill his pocket with mission money.
• He took the fertile lands of the natives in Cameroon with little or no compensation e.g the land at Victoria

CONCULSION
A summary of the main issue raised. Also say that apart from Saker, they were other Baptist missionaries who also recorded some successes in Cameroon like Joseph Merrick