A) SIMILARITIES (Comparism)

• There was the prevalence of law and order in both regions though using difference methods.
• Both governments depended on the loyalty of their subjects.
• The two governments had an authority whose role was important for the maintenance of political and social Cohesion.
• Both systems had checks and balances or role of authority respected.
• Ancestral worship was common in both systems and both believed in the existence of a supreme God.
• They both practiced patrilineal succession.
• Political leadership in both societies was reserved for men.
• Diviners existed in both societies and illnesses were considered supernatural
• Both had secret societies for rituals e.g Ngwerong in the grassland and Menang and Etoh in Bangwa in the coastal region.

B) PART II: Differences (Contrasts)

• In the Grassland, the communities had centralized Authorities with the Fon, chief or lamido wielding much power and influence at the centre. For example Bamum, Bafut Nso, Kom, while in the coastal region. Power was shared amongst the Lineage heads e.g Bakweri .
• There existence of powerful regulatory societies in the Grassland like Kwifor in Mankon and Bafut, Ngwerong in Nso. These bodies acted as advisory and judicial bodies to the Fon while these societies did not have such influences in the coastal region.
• Existence of traditional authorities in the Grassfield was based on hereditary and considered Divine. This was not the case in the coastal region.
• Women played an important role in administration in the Grassfield Kingdoms e.g. The "Mafor" in Bafut "Nafom" in Kom, "Yayewong" in Nso etc. this was almost absent in the coastal communities.
• In the Grassland, there were hierarchical administrative systems with the Fon or Lamido at the top assisted by sub-chiefs and village council. This governmental organization was negligible in the coastal region.
• In the Grassland there existed military clubs such as "Manjong" among the Bafut to defend the territorial integrity of the Fondom. This was absent amongst the coastal communities.
• Political Leader in the Grassland enjoyed enormous economic power as the fons controlled all communal land and were supplied with periodic labour by their subjects.

A) Political features or organization.

• People lived in independent settlement with centralized and decentralized political systems.
• Political power was vested in the hands of Lineage heads called kings, Fons, Lamidos and sultans.
• There was the existence of war clubs which defended the land e.g Manjong in Bafut, Njong in Kom.
• There was the existence of regulatory societies e.g Ngumba, Ngwerong.
• Women played important role e.g Mafor.
  B) Economic Features

• Trade was by Barter system.
• There was the practice of subsistence agriculture on seasonal bases.
• Pottery and Iron smelting was practiced in Metta and Babungo Fondom.
• Fishing and hunting was Cameroon practice.
  C) Social Features

• The societies was organized into villages, chiefdoms and ethnic groups.
• Education was informal.
• Healing was undertaking by herbalist.
• Belief in many gods (polytheism)

Conclusion
Present a summary of the main issues raised and take a position to debunked the Eurocentric view

PART I : The contribution of the Jihads and dynastic quarrels to the movements of people in pre-colonial Cameroon.
*Role of Jihads / Islamization

• The Jihads was launched on northern Nigeria by uthman Dan Fodio to purify Islam and to convert the non-believers into Islam.
• The holy war was then spread from northern Nigeria to northern Cameroon. Thanks to the initiative of Modibo Adama who from his base at Yola carried out attacks at the people of Maroua, Garoua,Tibati and people of the mandara mountain between 1808 and 1817.
• These Jihads caused an involuntary movement of many people from the north to move out to diverse directions. For example, the kirdi, Bata, Bali, Chomba moved towards the south of Cameroon because they never wanted to be converted into Islam. The Jihads also caused the involuntary migration of some tribes like tupuri,

PART I: THE ROLE OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC EACTORS FOR MIGRATION AT THE COASTAL REGION OF CAMEROON

• The need for fertile land was one of the reasons of migration at the coastal region in pre-colonial Cameroon. For example, the migration of Bakweri people from the wouri area to the slope of mount Cameroon for the fertile volcanic soils.
• Fishing opportunities was one of the factors which trigal population mobility in the coastal region in the  Cameroon. For example, the Dualas left the pitti area to present day river wouri because of their desire to do fishing.
• Transport opportunities also trigal movements at the coast of Cameroon in the  century. For example the migration of the Dualas from pitti to present day was thanks to river wouri which they sail through.
• Cultural Affinities was another potential factor that trigal movements at the coastal region of pre-colonial Cameroon. For example the movement of the Dualas and Bakweri people from their original site to the wouri estuary which the Bakwerians later separated was highly influence by their cultures. Today, the similarities existing between cultures of Dualas and Bakweri people are as a result of their past history.

PART II: Other factors that caused movements at the coastal region of  Cameroon

• Succession disputes. This usually arises following the death of a king, chief or Fon of the clan without any clear arrangement for his succession. Hence the children are bound to quarrel, split and consequently forced to move out. For example, in the coastal region, as Douala clan grows under king Bell, by early  century, lineages began like Akwa cut of and set himself as king Akwn of Akwn town; soon, the leaders of Bonaberi Bonapriso and Bonanjo also separated from King Bell.
• Inter-tribal wars were common. In the coastal region the Dualas attacked on Bakossi forcing them to migrate out.
• German harsh rule
• The search for peace e.g Douala war with the Bakweri people in river wouri area forcing the Bakweri to migrate to the slope of mount Cameroon for peace.

Conclusively, socio-economic factors like transport opportunities, the need for fertile land, cultural affinities were the outstanding factors that greatly caused population movement in the coastal region in the  century Cameroon. They were other outstanding factors which were working together to trigal movements at the coastal region of Cameroon. The resultant effects of these movements were many and variet.As it led to chiefdoms and cultural varieties

A. PART I: How economic factors contributed to migrations in the western grassland.

• The search for grazing land. This was an important factor among the cattle rearers. For example large Fulani communities migrated and settled in areas like sabga hills, Ndop, Fundong, Kumbo, Wum etc. because of available pasture.
• The search for fertile lands. For example, the Kom had settled in Babessi area because of the fertile soils, the Bamilekes settled at Mbo plain because of fertile land for agriculture.
• Employment opportunities equally caused migration in the grassland region. For example large number of Balis moved following the Zintgraff-Galega I treaty, to work on German plantation at the coast.
• Improvements in the means of transport greatly encouraged migration in the western grassland. For example the development of foot paths into motor way by the Europeans when they established plantations at the coast. Many tribes like menemo, Moghamo, Bafut in the western grassfield moved to the coast in search of better opportunities.

 PART II: Other factors that caused migration in the grassland region.
*Political causes

• Inter-Tribal wars: This was common among ethnic groups. These wars occurred because of the desire by one tribal group to dominate another. Hence forced a peaceful group to migrate out. Example the movement of a fraction OR portion of Nkwen up Bamenda station hill was due to their constant wars with the mankon, Bafut, Bali peoples.
• Payment of tributes was another Political reason for the migration in the western grassland region in the  Cameroon. Tribute were usually fines imposed on a weaker OR defeated tribes by the victorious tribe. Such fines were usually heavy on the vanquished to pay. The result was their out migration from the area. For example the Tingoh and Obang people escapedfrom Bafut people to settle in their present day locations due to heavy tribute imposed on them by the Bafut people.
• Succession disputes were another factor.

• Social factors include

• Natural disasters
• Population pressure
  In conclusion, economic considerations as well as socio-political factors were all forces that trigger the mobility of people in the  century western grass field Cameroon. These movements had far-reading consequences among some were increased inter-tribal wars multiplicity of kingdoms and chiefdoms, Adoption of new culture varieties.

• A. PART 1: Role of conflicts to population movements in the  century Cameroon

• Conflicts at Baukim between Nchare and Ngoso over succession. The result was that, Nchare moved out and founded present day Bamoun Fondom and Ngoso founded the Nso Fondom.
• Conflict in North Cameroon between the Fulanis and the other original occupance like Tikars, Chambas over religion. The result was that, the Tikars and the other groups that never wanted Islam moved towards the south.
• Conflicts among people of Mankon, Nkwen, Bafut, for domination caused a fraction of Nkwen people who needed peace to climb up the hills of present day Bamenda up station and settled as MendaNkwen people.
• Conflicts over succession among the children of the. original founder of Bali Chamba who died without any concrete arrangements over his succession.
  Hence the result was that, the children were bound to quarrel and split into the seven Balis today.

PART 2: Other Factors OR not conflicts alone that caused movements of people in the  century Cameroon.

• The need for job opportunities e.g Ethnic groups like the Menemo, moghamos, the Bamilekes, Balis and others migrated to the coast of Cameroon to seek for Jobs in the European plantation.
• Improvement in transport caused migration in the  century Cameroon e.g improvement from foot paths to motorable roads encouraged groups like Balis, Bafut, to migrate to the coast. The Balis equally made use of the Fulani horses to migrate towards the south.
• The need for fertile land caused migration. Give examples
• The need for fishing and hunting equally caused migration. Example Dualas people migration to the wouri area because of fishing.

CONCLUSION: In the nut shell, the  population movements in Cameroon were caused by a combination of factors among which conflicts was one of the factors. These movements had far-reaching effects as it led to fondoms, population redistribution, and adoption of new cultures.

Part I: The Role of voluntary Factors

• The search for fertile lands. Tribes whose main activity was farming, decided to migrate into areas with fertile soils. For example, the Bamileke migration to the Mbo plain was because of fertile lands, and the Bali chamber to the Western Grassfield, the Bakweri to the slope of mount Cameroon.
  The search for grazing lands. For example, Fulani to the Western grassland, around the Sabga hills and Wum area in Menchum Division.
• The desire to benefit from trade opportunities. For example Dualas and Bamileke migration to the coastal region.
• The search for Job opportunities. For example the Bali and Bafut people migration to the coast in other to gained Jobs, in the European plantations.
• Cultural ties. For instance the Bamoum and Nso, Dualas and Bakweri, Bakossi and Mbo.
• The influence of water bodies. For example the Dualas to River Wouri estuary to do fishing, Bakossi to lake Muanenguba, the Bamum to river Noun.
• Improved means of Transport. For example Bali-Chamber migration from North Cameroon with the used of Fulani horses to the Western Grassland

PART TWO: THE ROLE OF INVOLUNTARY FACTORS

• The role of inter-tribal wars. For example Bafut attacks on the Tingoh and Obang forced the Tingoh and Obang to their present sites, the Nso and the Bamum war. Bakoko and Dualas wars.
• Payment of tributes. For instance, the Obang and Tingoh move out of Bafut area because of high tributes from Bafut.
• Succession disputes. For example, Bali - Chamber splid into seven Balis because of the sudden death of Gawolbe, Ngosso and Nchare at Bankim , the separation of the Children of Mbedi at pitti that is Bakweri and Dualas.
• The role of Fulani Jihads. For example, Tupuri and Musgeum escape to Mandara Mountains, the Tikars such as Bafut, Nso to the Western Grassland.
• Natural Calamities e.g. the spread of chickenpox epidemic provoked Widikum migration out of the forest region to their present day location in River Momo were Momo Division got its name.

Conclusion:
A combination of voluntary and involuntary factors was the roots caused of  century migration in Cameroon. The groups moves and ended up with far-reaching consequences.

(a)      (i) - Private ownership of resources.

-    Freedom of choice and enterprise

-    Heavy reliance on the price system for production and distribution of goods and services.

-     Price competition in business affairs.

-    Economic activity dominated by self-interest or the quest for profit.

-    Little or no government interference in economic affairs.

(ii) - Motive of production is social welfare and not profit.

-    Very little or no freedom of choice and enterprise.

-     Little or no private ownership of resources.

-     Almost complete absence of market forces.

(b)      (i) - It is self-regulatory

-     It possesses economic efficiency.

-     Production reflects choices of consumers.

-     There are greater incentives to works.

-     More adaptable to changes.

-     Higher standards of living.

(11)  - Reduced consumer sovereignty.

-    Production hardly reflects consumer’s real want.

-    Costly to operate due to the absence of the costless price mechanism.

-    Characterized by shortages and surpluses due to the absence of the price mechanism.

-     Little or no incentives in production.

-     Time wasted in state planning.

(c)      - North Korea

-      China

-      Cuba

-      Vietnam

-      Laos

(a)      (i) - Private ownership of resources.

-    Freedom of choice and enterprise

-    Heavy reliance on the price system for production and distribution of goods and services.

-     Price competition in business affairs.

-    Economic activity dominated by self-interest or the quest for profit.

-    Little or no government interference in economic affairs.

(ii) - Motive of production is social welfare and not profit.

-    Very little or no freedom of choice and enterprise.

-     Little or no private ownership of resources.

-     Almost complete absence of market forces.

(b)      (i) - It is self-regulatory

-     It possesses economic efficiency.

-     Production reflects choices of consumers.

-     There are greater incentives to works.

-     More adaptable to changes.

-     Higher standards of living.

(11)  - Reduced consumer sovereignty.

-    Production hardly reflects consumer’s real want.

-    Costly to operate due to the absence of the costless price mechanism.

-    Characterized by shortages and surpluses due to the absence of the price mechanism.

-     Little or no incentives in production.

-     Time wasted in state planning.

(c)      - North Korea

-      China

-      Cuba

-      Vietnam

-      Laos

a)      - Difficulty of effectively testing hypothesis in Economics.

Economists use a lot of normative statements in policy matters.

There are many schools of thought in Economics whose followers have very defensive attitudes. Economics studies human behaviour and such behavior is very unpredictable.

Economics is a young science with many of its aspects being obscure and untested.

Some assumptions and postulations are irrelevant with time due to technical, economic and cultural changes.

Most economic concepts are given various definitions by various Economists.

Most Economic problems have more than one possible solution.

b)      Economics uses the scientific method to arrive at conclusions and develop theories/laws i.e. they use positive statements, formulate testable hypothesis

which are scientifically tested and build theories and laws. Consequently, there should be little room for disagreement.

c)       - Economics deals with unpredictable human behaviour, while the other sciences deal with predictable inanimate matter.

-      Experiments in Economics are conducted under real life situations which cannot be controlled meanwhile those of other sciences are conducted in laboratories under controlled conditions.

-      Economics uses both quantitative and qualitative data but pure sciences use only quantitative data.

-      Economics relies on past data while pure sciences are based on experimental data at present.

d)      - Mathematics

-      Statistics

-      Demography                                 /

-      Geography

-      Econometrics

-      Sociology

-      Accounting

-      History

-      Psychology

e)      We study Economics to:

-      Understand the proper allocation of resources.

-      Understand how to make rational and intelligent choices from among alternatives.

-      To learn how to evaluate the efficiency of various policies.

-      Understand the functioning of various economies.

-      Be able to improve our wellbeing.

-      To promote our critical and independent reasoning.

-      Be able to forecast.