a)     i) ENIAC stands for Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator or (Computer).

->First operational electronic digital computer developed for the US Army by John Eckert and John Mauchly.

ii)    UNIVAC refers to Universal Automatic Calculator or Computer.

-> It was the first commercial available electronic computer

b)     The First Generation. ENIAC and UNIVAC are examples of First generation computers.

c)       i) ED VAC stands for Electrical Discrete Variable Automatic Computer

EDSAC stands for Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator or Computer

a)        The mechanical era and the electronic era.

b)        Some characteristics of the mechanical era are:

>      The Abacus was invented — which is an instrument that was used to perform arithmetic calculations. -

>      Invention of the Napier’s bones in 1617 by John Napier. Hie Napier’s bones was a calculating rod that was used to multiply sizeable numbers.

>      Invention of the Pascal's Arithmetic Machine or the Pascaline by Blaise Pascal in 1642. The Pascaline was used to add and Substract numbers.

NB: the Pascaline was one of the first ever machine that could actually do computing.

> invention of the step Reckoner in 1694 by the German Mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Von Leibnitz. — The Step Reckoner was an advanced calculating device which could perform addition and subtraction along with multiplication and division.

>      Introduction of Punched cards by Joseph Jacquard of France is ISOL Punched cards were used by a loom for weaving clothes where it commands the operations of the loom.

NB: the idea of using punched cards to store information was to be used by a number of computers in later years.

c)       The electronic era.

Background idea: British and French Cameroons were territories that were carved out following the partition of German Kamerun by Britain and France because of their failure to establish a condominium in Cameroon after German defeat in 1916. From 1922 to 1945, Britain and France ruled the British and French Cameroons respectively as mandated territories of the League of Nations and from 1945 to 1960/1961; they were administered as trust territories of the UNO. After 1945, the people in the French and British Cameroon started agitating for their independence was attained in 1960 and 1961 respectively. The independence struggles or processes of the decolonization in the British and French Cameroon shared many similarities and differences.
*This essay therefore seeks to examine the similarities and differences that existed in the decolonization processes in Britain and French Cameroons.
A.PART I: The similarities (comparism) existing in the British and French Cameroons decolonization processes were related.

• Both British southern Cameroons and French Cameroons were supervised by the UN and received UN visiting missions in the territory in 1949, 1952, 1955 and 1958.
• Both territories had politicians that were opposed to reunification. This was the case with Andre Marie Mbida in French Cameroon and Dr. EML Endeley of southern Cameroons.
• Both territories had political parties that were strongly in favour of reunification. In southern Cameroons there were the KNDP and OK while in French Cameroon there was the UPC.
• The nationalist of both British Cameroons and French Cameroon had conflicting views on the options of independence. While the KNDP and OK in southern Cameroons supported the Reunification of the two Cameroons, the KNC and KPP advocated intergration with Nigeria. In French Cameroon while the UPC advocated integration with Nigeria. In French Cameroon, while the UPC advocated a radical approach to independence. The BDC stood for gradual and evolutionary approach.
• Both territories took advantage of the effects of world war two in the territory to request for independence.
• To mobilize the people and clamour for independence, both British southern Cameroon and French Cameroon made use of trade unions, pressure groups and political parties.

B.PART II : Contrast OR Differences between the decolonization process in French and British Cameroons.

• The politicians of British southern Cameroon were divided over the political future of the territory making it possible for the UN to impose a plebiscite on February 11, 1961. This was not the case with French Cameroon as the territory gained Independence without a plebiscite organized by the UN.
• The formation of political parties was much earlier in French Cameroon than in British southern Cameroon. In French Cameroon UPC was formed as the first indigenous political party on April 10, 1948, where as in British southern Cameroons the KNC and KPP were formed as the first indigenous political party in 19535 years after the UPC was formed.
• While the quest for nationalism and independence in French Cameroon was very violent, in British southern Cameroons it was more peaceful.
• French Cameroon achieved independence earlier as the  January 1960 unlike British southern Cameroons that achieved independence late on  October 1961, one year after, in Reunification with the republic of Cameroon.
• French Cameroon achieved independence without the organization of a plebiscite. Independence was granted through negotiation meanwhile British southern Cameroons achieved independence through the organization of a plebiscite on 11 February 1961. Two plebiscite questions were posed which read as "Do you wish to achieve independence by joining the independence republic of Cameroon". OR "Do you wish to achieve independence by joining the independence federation of Nigeria."

CONCLUSION:
Summary of the issues raised. Say that after independence, the two Cameroons Reunite to form the federal republic of Cameroon. Former southern Cameroon was to be called west Cameroon and republic of Cameroon was called East Cameroon with Ahmadou Ahidjo as President 1961.

Background idea: British and French Cameroons were territories that were carved out following the partition of German Kamerun by Britain and France because of their failure to establish a condominium in Cameroon after German defeat in 1916. From 1922 to 1945, Britain and France ruled the British and French Cameroons respectively as mandated territories of the League of Nations and from 1945 to 1960/1961; they were administered as trust territories of the UNO. After 1945, the people in the French and British Cameroon started agitating for their independence was attained in 1960 and 1961 respectively. The independence struggles or processes of the decolonization in the British and French Cameroon shared many similarities and differences.
*This essay therefore seeks to examine the similarities and differences that existed in the decolonization processes in Britain and French Cameroons.
A.PART I: The similarities (comparism) existing in the British and French Cameroons decolonization processes were related.

• Both British southern Cameroons and French Cameroons were supervised by the UN and received UN visiting missions in the territory in 1949, 1952, 1955 and 1958.
• Both territories had politicians that were opposed to reunification. This was the case with Andre Marie Mbida in French Cameroon and Dr. EML Endeley of southern Cameroons.
• Both territories had political parties that were strongly in favour of reunification. In southern Cameroons there were the KNDP and OK while in French Cameroon there was the UPC.
• The nationalist of both British Cameroons and French Cameroon had conflicting views on the options of independence. While the KNDP and OK in southern Cameroons supported the Reunification of the two Cameroons, the KNC and KPP advocated intergration with Nigeria. In French Cameroon while the UPC advocated integration with Nigeria. In French Cameroon, while the UPC advocated a radical approach to independence. The BDC stood for gradual and evolutionary approach.
• Both territories took advantage of the effects of world war two in the territory to request for independence.
• To mobilize the people and clamour for independence, both British southern Cameroon and French Cameroon made use of trade unions, pressure groups and political parties.

B.PART II : Contrast OR Differences between the decolonization process in French and British Cameroons.

• The politicians of British southern Cameroon were divided over the political future of the territory making it possible for the UN to impose a plebiscite on February 11, 1961. This was not the case with French Cameroon as the territory gained Independence without a plebiscite organized by the UN.
• The formation of political parties was much earlier in French Cameroon than in British southern Cameroon. In French Cameroon UPC was formed as the first indigenous political party on April 10, 1948, where as in British southern Cameroons the KNC and KPP were formed as the first indigenous political party in 19535 years after the UPC was formed.
• While the quest for nationalism and independence in French Cameroon was very violent, in British southern Cameroons it was more peaceful.
• French Cameroon achieved independence earlier as the  January 1960 unlike British southern Cameroons that achieved independence late on  October 1961, one year after, in Reunification with the republic of Cameroon.
• French Cameroon achieved independence without the organization of a plebiscite. Independence was granted through negotiation meanwhile British southern Cameroons achieved independence through the organization of a plebiscite on 11 February 1961. Two plebiscite questions were posed which read as "Do you wish to achieve independence by joining the independence republic of Cameroon". OR "Do you wish to achieve independence by joining the independence federation of Nigeria."

CONCLUSION:
Summary of the issues raised. Say that after independence, the two Cameroons Reunite to form the federal republic of Cameroon. Former southern Cameroon was to be called west Cameroon and republic of Cameroon was called East Cameroon with Ahmadou Ahidjo as President 1961.

Background idea: British and French Cameroons were territories that were carved out following the partition of German Kamerun by Britain and France because of their failure to establish a condominium in Cameroon after German defeat in 1916. From 1922 to 1945, Britain and France ruled the British and French Cameroons respectively as mandated territories of the League of Nations and from 1945 to 1960/1961; they were administered as trust territories of the UNO. After 1945, the people in the French and British Cameroon started agitating for their independence was attained in 1960 and 1961 respectively. The independence struggles or processes of the decolonization in the British and French Cameroon shared many similarities and differences.
*This essay therefore seeks to examine the similarities and differences that existed in the decolonization processes in Britain and French Cameroons.
A.PART I: The similarities (comparism) existing in the British and French Cameroons decolonization processes were related.

• Both British southern Cameroons and French Cameroons were supervised by the UN and received UN visiting missions in the territory in 1949, 1952, 1955 and 1958.
• Both territories had politicians that were opposed to reunification. This was the case with Andre Marie Mbida in French Cameroon and Dr. EML Endeley of southern Cameroons.
• Both territories had political parties that were strongly in favour of reunification. In southern Cameroons there were the KNDP and OK while in French Cameroon there was the UPC.
• The nationalist of both British Cameroons and French Cameroon had conflicting views on the options of independence. While the KNDP and OK in southern Cameroons supported the Reunification of the two Cameroons, the KNC and KPP advocated intergration with Nigeria. In French Cameroon while the UPC advocated integration with Nigeria. In French Cameroon, while the UPC advocated a radical approach to independence. The BDC stood for gradual and evolutionary approach.
• Both territories took advantage of the effects of world war two in the territory to request for independence.
• To mobilize the people and clamour for independence, both British southern Cameroon and French Cameroon made use of trade unions, pressure groups and political parties.

B.PART II : Contrast OR Differences between the decolonization process in French and British Cameroons.

• The politicians of British southern Cameroon were divided over the political future of the territory making it possible for the UN to impose a plebiscite on February 11, 1961. This was not the case with French Cameroon as the territory gained Independence without a plebiscite organized by the UN.
• The formation of political parties was much earlier in French Cameroon than in British southern Cameroon. In French Cameroon UPC was formed as the first indigenous political party on April 10, 1948, where as in British southern Cameroons the KNC and KPP were formed as the first indigenous political party in 19535 years after the UPC was formed.
• While the quest for nationalism and independence in French Cameroon was very violent, in British southern Cameroons it was more peaceful.
• French Cameroon achieved independence earlier as the  January 1960 unlike British southern Cameroons that achieved independence late on  October 1961, one year after, in Reunification with the republic of Cameroon.
• French Cameroon achieved independence without the organization of a plebiscite. Independence was granted through negotiation meanwhile British southern Cameroons achieved independence through the organization of a plebiscite on 11 February 1961. Two plebiscite questions were posed which read as "Do you wish to achieve independence by joining the independence republic of Cameroon". OR "Do you wish to achieve independence by joining the independence federation of Nigeria."

CONCLUSION:
Summary of the issues raised. Say that after independence, the two Cameroons Reunite to form the federal republic of Cameroon. Former southern Cameroon was to be called west Cameroon and republic of Cameroon was called East Cameroon with Ahmadou Ahidjo as President 1961.

Following the partition of Cameron, the British took her own part of Cameroon and administered directly from Nigeria. British Southern Cameroons was administered from the Southern Region of Nigeria and later as the Eastern Region of Nigeria from 1946. Following constitutional changes in 1952, thirteen southern Cameroonians were elected under the Macpherson constitution to represents the interest of the territory within Nigeria. Out of the thirteen, Dr. E.M. L Endeley was appointed minister of labour in the central house of legislative with capital in Lagos and S.T. Muna was appointed minister of works in the Eastern executive house of Assembly with capital at Enugu. In May 1953, a crisis broke out in the Eastern Regional house of Assembly within the ranks of the NCNC which helped to shaped the political destiny of Southern Cameroons toward a nation hood.
This essay seeks to examine the causes and consequences of the Eastern Regional crisis.

Part 1: Causes or origin of the Eastern Regional Crisis 1953.

• Power struggle between Nnamdi Azikiwe president general of the NCNC and Vice Eyo Ita. Nnamdi Azikiwe demanded for radical constitutional changes and Eyo Ita rejected and wanted gradual constitutional changes. Hence the crisis has just started.
• The request by Nnamdi Azikiwe to Eyo Ita to reshuffled ministers of his cabinet in the government of the Eastern Region rejected by Eyo Ita, caused the crisis. Azikiwe wanted Eyo Ita to dismissed those ministers who were very critical of the regime and replaced them with ministers who were very loyal. Because Eyo ita refused to do so, Azikiwe decided to Mastermind the crisis. Hence crisis.

• Dismissal of S.T. Muna as minister of works and other Ministers in the Eastern Region cause the 1953 crisis in the Eastern Region. Because, Azikiwe could not succeed to influence Eyo Ita to dismiss these ministers in Eyo Ita`s government among which was S.T. Muna, the lone Southern Cameroon minister including Eyo Ita leader of government business in the Eastern Region. This list of the six dismissed ministers was rejected by governor please, governor of the Eastern Region. This, Six Minister refuse to quit their positions and has been describe as the sixth tight ministers.
• The Division or split within members of the NCNC Party. As the crisis continue, members of the NCNC party split into two camps, one camp supporting Azikiwe and the other camp supporting Eyo Ita. This infighting culminated into the Eastern Regional crisis of 1953.
• The support given to Eyo Ita by the Governor of the Eastern region, Governor please cause the crisis.

Part: Consequences of the crisis or how the Eastern Regional crisis shaped the political evolution of Southern Cameroons.

• The crisis led to a split among the 13 Southern Cameroon representatives in Nigeria. That is 9 versus 4 members. The 9 members form the Benevolent Neutrality Bloc aimed to request for separation of southern Cameroon from Nigeria and the 4 Members demanded for continuity within Nigeria.
• The crisis led to the Mamfe conference of May 1953, summon by the thirteen southern Cameroon representatives to decide on the destiny of southern Cameroons within Nigeria. The conference came out with the following decisions. First, a petition was sent to London asking for the separation of Southern Cameroon from Nigeria. Second, they requested for a southern Cameroon house of Assembly that yielded fruit with a total of 13 members.
• The crisis led to the formation of the first political party in southern Cameroons. In June 1953, the 9 members of the Benevolent Neutrality bloc facilitated the merger of CNF and KUNC to form KNC as the pioneer political party of Southern Cameroons requesting for the separation of Southern Cameroon from Nigeria. Mathematically . Other political parties were formed e.g KPP.
• The crisis led to the collapse of the Macpherson constitution after the London conference of 1953 and the introduction of the Lyttleton constitution in 1954, which granted a quasi-regional status for Southern Cameroon.
• The crisis provoked a sense of national unity amongst the Southern Cameroon politicians and students to speak on voice at Mamfe.
• It exposed or complicated the independence process of Southern Cameroons leading to the imposition of the 1961 plebiscite questions on Southern Cameroon like "Do you wish to achieve independence by joining the independent federation of Nigeria"? OR "Do you wish to achieve independence by joining the independence Republic of Cameroon"?

• Lastly, the crisis influenced the results of the 1961 plebiscite as Southern Cameroon voted in favor of reunification with the Republic of Cameroon instead of integration with Nigeria.
  CONCLUSION
  Summarize the main issue raised states some effect.
  

Background idea: With the defeat of the Germans in Cameroon and ultimate failure of the joint Anglo French administration the resultant effects was that Cameroon was partitioned between Britain and France and France  and Britain took 1/5. The British took her portion of Cameroon and later partitioned it into British Northern and southern Cameroons. From 1922 to 1945 British southern Cameroon was attacked to the Eastern region of Nigeria. This attachment into Nigeria encouraged many Nigerians like the Yoruba's, Ibo's to migrate into southern Cameroons as farmers, traders, and teachers. Their activities in southern Cameroon helped to sparked up nationalism in British southern Cameroon.
*The essay therefore will seek to show the role played by the Nigerians in the rise of Nationalism in southern Cameroons and other factors.

BODY OF ESSAY
A.PART I: The role or how the activities of Nigerians in southern Cameroon contributed in the rise of nationalism.

• The Nigerians like Ibos dominated commerce and owned most of the stores and sold at very expensive and discriminatory prices to southern Cameroonians. The Ibo traders forced southern Cameroonians to buy goods against their wishes by merely asking the price or touching it.
• The ibo seized the native lands and sent natives to in fertile lands and equally prevented the natives from growing some foodstuffs like yams.
• The Nigerians disrespected the traditions and customs of the people of southern Cameroons. They refuse to close their doors or to switch off their light whenever the natives of Cameroon organize ritualistic dances that foreigners were not allowed to take part or watch.
• The Nigerians treated the people of southern Cameroons as second class citizens. The behaved like the second colonial masters after Britain. They molested the people to the extent of raping young girls and committing Adultery.
• The Nigerians also dominated the administration of southern Cameroons. They
• dominated the colonial army and civil service. Most of the teachers in southern Cameroon were Nigerians some of whom were not qualified, were rude and brutal towards the Cameroonian children in schools.
• The Nigerians were found in many mischievous activities like adulteration of medicine and wine that was harmful to the people of southern Cameroons.

The above factors created hatred against Nigerians by southern Cameroonians.

B.PART II: Other factors in the rise of nationalism in British southern Cameroons.

• The influence of upc
• British neglected southern Cameroons
• The publication of the Atlantic charter 1946!.
• The activities of pressure groups.
• The role of the UNO.
• The effects of the Second World War.

CONCLUSION
No single factor can adequately explain the rise of nationalism in southern Cameroon. The activities of the Nigerians were one of the many factors. This demand for independence by southern Cameroonians was achieved on  October 1961.

A - PART I: Problem faced by Mbida which Ahidjo inherited.
The U.P.C crisis: The U.P.C crisis posed a very serious threat to Mbida's government. As Mbida opted for a military solution to solve the crisis and rejected by France that wanted but a peaceful solution.

• The question of independence:
  Mbida's stand on the independence of the territory was unpopular. According to him, French Cameroon was not ripe for independence and he held that the territory can only achieve independence after 10 years. This annoyed both the U.P.C and other nationalists in the territory.
• The question of Reunification.
  Mbida was against the Reunification of the two Cameroons whereas almost all political parties were pressing for it.
• Mending the relation with France. Mbida relationship with France was uncordial.He criticize the French for maltreating the Cameroonian workers as well as the flogging of French Cameroonians by French administrators.
• Alleviating the fears of the Northerners. Mbida also faced threat of secession from north when in the Abong bang conference, he declare his intention to partition and democratize North Cameroon as well as transfer of civil servants from the South to the North.
• Providing a political style government. Mbida's government was weak and unstable.

PART II: How Ahidjo handled the problem he inherited from his predecessor (Mbida).

• Mbida failed to resovle the U.P.C terrorism as he refused to negotitate to grant conditional amnesty to the U.P.C. He only insisted in the military solution. The result was that U.P.C terrorism increased
  To tackle this problem, Ahidjo, used reconciliatory method to stop U.P.C terrorism. In 1958, Ahidjo granted a conditional amnesty to the U.P.Cists. Theodore Mayi Matip abandoned terrorist activities and came out of the bush and join Ahidjo's government causing a split with the up cist.
• Mbida had failed to grand immediate independence to French Cameroon. When Ahidjo took over power in February 1958, he started negotiating for independence. He made several trips to France and UN pleading for independence.In 1959, the UNO approved and accepted the independence of the territory. On the  of January 1960, in the presence of UN secretary General Dag Hammarskjold, French Cameroon gained independence as the republic of Cameroon with Ahidjo as president.

• Mbida had rejected the issue of reunification of the two Cameroons. To tackle the problem, Ahidjo accepted the reunification platform. Before the holding of the plebiscite on February 11 1961, Ahidjo had secret talks with Foncha to decide on what form of government to be adopted in case Foncha wins in the plebiscite in favour of reunification. When the plebiscite was held Foncha won and onoctober 1, 1961 British southern Cameroons achieved independence by reunifying with the republic of Cameroon.
• Mbida had strained relations with France. To tackle this problem, when Ahidjo came to power, he repaired the damage by visiting Paris where he promises loyalty and cooperation as this won the French confident.
• Mbida had made Muslims in the North who were preparing to succeed from French Cameroon to join chad or Ubangi chari in his declaration at Abong Mbang to partition north Cameroon and introduce democratization and transferring civil servants from the south to the north. Tackle this problem, Ahidjo cancelled this plan and won the support of the Moslem North and the threat of Northerners to succeed was avoided.
• Ahidjo decided to use military to those up cist leaders who refused to accept the conditional Amnesty. UPC leaders like Dr.Felix moumie were murdered and in 1970's the last trace of UPC Ernest Quandie was eliminated by Ahidjo.

C PART III: Failures of Ahidjo to resolve problems inherited from Mida.

• On the question of reunification Ahidjo failed to bring about the reunification of British northern Cameroon with French Cameroons. IN the plebiscite of 1961, Northern Cameroon voted for intergration with northern Nigeria.
• Ahidjo failed to end the UPC terrorism immediately. UPC terrorism still continued up to 1971 when Ernest Ouandie the last trace of the upc terrorism was executed by Ahidjo forces.
• Though Mbida was accused for his dictatorship, Ahidjo was more of a dictator than Mbida as he ruled by decreases. Ahidjo dictatorship is eminent by keeping a secret police force with underground prisons in places like Kondengui.
• The independence Ahidjo achieved for Cameroon was incomplete. As close ties were still maintained with France in the form of neo colonialism and still existing today.

A.PART I: Contribution or role of the UPC to the independence process of French Cameroon

• The UPC acted as the Genesis of Nationalism in French Cameroon. Its call for immediate independence and reunification created an unquenchable thirst for independence. Besides, a cream of French Cameroonian nationalist was bred with the UPC.
• The formation of the UPC in 1948 encouraged the birth of other political parties. This help to influence nationalist activities in French Cameroon.
• In May 1955, the UPC decided to organize a nationwide strike and rebellion against France in other to force France to listen to their problem. Thus activities of the UPC created insecurity, destruction of French investment. The result was that in 1956, France was forced to introduce the Loi cadre as a reform to the granting of independence to the territory.
• If southern Cameroon gains independence in 1961 in reunification of French Cameroon, was thanks to the awareness keep by the upc party. After its ban in 1955, some of its leaders crossed over to southern Cameroon under banner of one kamerun and pressed for Reunification. Negotiations for reunification were evident in the close collaboration that existed with the KNNP of John Ngu Foncha.'
• The activities of the UPC attracted the attention of the United Nations visiting missions to Cameroon. Such activities include the writing of petitions addresses made in general Assembly of the UN resulted in the dispatch of UN missions to French Cameroon such missions recommended France to accelerate changes and reforms that led to the gradual independence of French Cameroon.
• The upc had newspapers such as "La verite" La voix du people". These newspapers published articles which exposed the evils of French colonial administration in Cameroon and stimulated nationalist sentiments.

B.PART I: Failures or weaknesses of the UPC party.

• The upc failed to take French Cameroon to independence. As in 1955 the party was ban. It was the UC that guided French Cameroon until when independence was achieved on  January, 1960.
• The upc never won an election. In the 1951 and1952 election, the party did not have even a single seat.
• The upc never provided representatives in any of the Assemblies such as ATCAM. And ALCAM to defend the interest of the party towards self-government.

CONCLUSION:
Even though the UPC played a major role in the independence struggle, the party never had the opportunity to gain the independence. It was instead the uc of Ahamadou Ahidjo that adopted the UPC programme and helped gained the independence of French Cameroon in January . This failure was as a result of the death of Um Nyobe semptember 1958 , internal squabbles within the party, French hostility towards the party and limited external support.