A.PART I: Successes or achievements of Assimilation in French Cameroon.

• Assimilation by language. Many French Cameroonians learned the French language and were able to read and write French. The French language spread to become the linqua-franca in French Cameroon. French became the language of instruction in schools and after independence it became one of the official languages in Cameroon.

• Assimilation by citizenship. The French succeeded to divide the society into two that is "citizens and subjects". The citizens were those assimilated Cameroonians able to read and write French and had adopted French ways of life. This group was protected by French laws and enjoyed the same rights as French men. But the 'subjects" were those French Cameroonians who had not yet adopted French ways of life, could not read and write French. This group suffered under the system of 'indignant'.
• Assimilation by Assemblies. Those assimilated Cameroonians were elected into the constituent French Assembly that drafted the constitution of the Southern French Republic. A good example was Alexander Douala Manga Bell who was elected into the French National Assembly as a deputy.
• Assimilation by formation of pro-French Assimilations. In French Cameroon, some French Cameroonians already assimilated created pro- French Association as a sign of love for France to prevent German return to Cameroon. For example Paul Soppo Priso in 1938 created Jeunesse Camerounaise Franciaze (Jeuca Fra) to fight against German return to Cameroon.
• Assimilation by administration. Another area where Assimilation succeeded in French Cameroon was that French Cameroon was administered as an integral part of France during the mandate period. French rules and laws existing in France were implemented directly in French Cameroon.

B: PART II: Failure or Flaws of the policy of Assimilation.

• Very few Cameroonians applied for French citizenship. These were those who had met up with these conditions according to Assimilation. These conditions were: must be aged 18 years above, married only to one wife, read and write French language. As a result of this difficult condition very few Cameroonians fulfilled this condition. Hence failure.
• There were many revolts organized by French Cameroonians to send the French away. E.g Douala and Baya revolts.
• Cameroonian cultures and institutions were finally implanted and difficult to replace. This forced France to replace Assimilation with Association as the new policy started to respect and collaborated with the French Cameroon traditional rulers. Hence failure of Assimilation.

C: PART III: Reasons for the failure or abandonment of Assimilation to Association.

• It was too expensive to educate the Blackman to be able to attain the level of a French man. The result was that it rains much finances into the French banks.
• The policy was seriously criticized by French schools and businessmen. This group of people argued that Africans as well as Cameroonians were a different branch of human race with their own culture and will be improper to absorb them into French culture .The Assimilated Africans also posed a problem to French businessmen as they became their economic rivals.
  

Conclusively, the implementation of the French policy of Assimilation recorded a good number of successes as well as failures. We should not also lost side of the fact that the policy of Assimilation was later replaced by Association to solve problem created by Association.

A.PART I: Successes or achievements of Assimilation in French Cameroon.

• Assimilation by language. Many French Cameroonians learned the French language and were able to read and write French. The French language spread to become the linqua-franca in French Cameroon. French became the language of instruction in schools and after independence it became one of the official languages in Cameroon.

• Assimilation by citizenship. The French succeeded to divide the society into two that is "citizens and subjects". The citizens were those assimilated Cameroonians able to read and write French and had adopted French ways of life. This group was protected by French laws and enjoyed the same rights as French men. But the 'subjects" were those French Cameroonians who had not yet adopted French ways of life, could not read and write French. This group suffered under the system of 'indignant'.
• Assimilation by Assemblies. Those assimilated Cameroonians were elected into the constituent French Assembly that drafted the constitution of the Southern French Republic. A good example was Alexander Douala Manga Bell who was elected into the French National Assembly as a deputy.
• Assimilation by formation of pro-French Assimilations. In French Cameroon, some French Cameroonians already assimilated created pro- French Association as a sign of love for France to prevent German return to Cameroon. For example Paul Soppo Priso in 1938 created Jeunesse Camerounaise Franciaze (Jeuca Fra) to fight against German return to Cameroon.
• Assimilation by administration. Another area where Assimilation succeeded in French Cameroon was that French Cameroon was administered as an integral part of France during the mandate period. French rules and laws existing in France were implemented directly in French Cameroon.

B: PART II: Failure or Flaws of the policy of Assimilation.

• Very few Cameroonians applied for French citizenship. These were those who had met up with these conditions according to Assimilation. These conditions were: must be aged 18 years above, married only to one wife, read and write French language. As a result of this difficult condition very few Cameroonians fulfilled this condition. Hence failure.
• There were many revolts organized by French Cameroonians to send the French away. E.g Douala and Baya revolts.
• Cameroonian cultures and institutions were finally implanted and difficult to replace. This forced France to replace Assimilation with Association as the new policy started to respect and collaborated with the French Cameroon traditional rulers. Hence failure of Assimilation.

C: PART III: Reasons for the failure or abandonment of Assimilation to Association.

• It was too expensive to educate the Blackman to be able to attain the level of a French man. The result was that it rains much finances into the French banks.
• The policy was seriously criticized by French schools and businessmen. This group of people argued that Africans as well as Cameroonians were a different branch of human race with their own culture and will be improper to absorb them into French culture .The Assimilated Africans also posed a problem to French businessmen as they became their economic rivals.
  

Conclusively, the implementation of the French policy of Assimilation recorded a good number of successes as well as failures. We should not also lost side of the fact that the policy of Assimilation was later replaced by Association to solve problem created by Association.

A.PART I: Successes or achievements of Assimilation in French Cameroon.

• Assimilation by language. Many French Cameroonians learned the French language and were able to read and write French. The French language spread to become the linqua-franca in French Cameroon. French became the language of instruction in schools and after independence it became one of the official languages in Cameroon.

• Assimilation by citizenship. The French succeeded to divide the society into two that is "citizens and subjects". The citizens were those assimilated Cameroonians able to read and write French and had adopted French ways of life. This group was protected by French laws and enjoyed the same rights as French men. But the 'subjects" were those French Cameroonians who had not yet adopted French ways of life, could not read and write French. This group suffered under the system of 'indignant'.
• Assimilation by Assemblies. Those assimilated Cameroonians were elected into the constituent French Assembly that drafted the constitution of the Southern French Republic. A good example was Alexander Douala Manga Bell who was elected into the French National Assembly as a deputy.
• Assimilation by formation of pro-French Assimilations. In French Cameroon, some French Cameroonians already assimilated created pro- French Association as a sign of love for France to prevent German return to Cameroon. For example Paul Soppo Priso in 1938 created Jeunesse Camerounaise Franciaze (Jeuca Fra) to fight against German return to Cameroon.
• Assimilation by administration. Another area where Assimilation succeeded in French Cameroon was that French Cameroon was administered as an integral part of France during the mandate period. French rules and laws existing in France were implemented directly in French Cameroon.

B: PART II: Failure or Flaws of the policy of Assimilation.

• Very few Cameroonians applied for French citizenship. These were those who had met up with these conditions according to Assimilation. These conditions were: must be aged 18 years above, married only to one wife, read and write French language. As a result of this difficult condition very few Cameroonians fulfilled this condition. Hence failure.
• There were many revolts organized by French Cameroonians to send the French away. E.g Douala and Baya revolts.
• Cameroonian cultures and institutions were finally implanted and difficult to replace. This forced France to replace Assimilation with Association as the new policy started to respect and collaborated with the French Cameroon traditional rulers. Hence failure of Assimilation.

C: PART III: Reasons for the failure or abandonment of Assimilation to Association.

• It was too expensive to educate the Blackman to be able to attain the level of a French man. The result was that it rains much finances into the French banks.
• The policy was seriously criticized by French schools and businessmen. This group of people argued that Africans as well as Cameroonians were a different branch of human race with their own culture and will be improper to absorb them into French culture .The Assimilated Africans also posed a problem to French businessmen as they became their economic rivals.
  

Conclusively, the implementation of the French policy of Assimilation recorded a good number of successes as well as failures. We should not also lost side of the fact that the policy of Assimilation was later replaced by Association to solve problem created by Association.

A.PART I: Successes or achievements of Assimilation in French Cameroon.

• Assimilation by language. Many French Cameroonians learned the French language and were able to read and write French. The French language spread to become the linqua-franca in French Cameroon. French became the language of instruction in schools and after independence it became one of the official languages in Cameroon.

• Assimilation by citizenship. The French succeeded to divide the society into two that is "citizens and subjects". The citizens were those assimilated Cameroonians able to read and write French and had adopted French ways of life. This group was protected by French laws and enjoyed the same rights as French men. But the 'subjects" were those French Cameroonians who had not yet adopted French ways of life, could not read and write French. This group suffered under the system of 'indignant'.
• Assimilation by Assemblies. Those assimilated Cameroonians were elected into the constituent French Assembly that drafted the constitution of the Southern French Republic. A good example was Alexander Douala Manga Bell who was elected into the French National Assembly as a deputy.
• Assimilation by formation of pro-French Assimilations. In French Cameroon, some French Cameroonians already assimilated created pro- French Association as a sign of love for France to prevent German return to Cameroon. For example Paul Soppo Priso in 1938 created Jeunesse Camerounaise Franciaze (Jeuca Fra) to fight against German return to Cameroon.
• Assimilation by administration. Another area where Assimilation succeeded in French Cameroon was that French Cameroon was administered as an integral part of France during the mandate period. French rules and laws existing in France were implemented directly in French Cameroon.

B: PART II: Failure or Flaws of the policy of Assimilation.

• Very few Cameroonians applied for French citizenship. These were those who had met up with these conditions according to Assimilation. These conditions were: must be aged 18 years above, married only to one wife, read and write French language. As a result of this difficult condition very few Cameroonians fulfilled this condition. Hence failure.
• There were many revolts organized by French Cameroonians to send the French away. E.g Douala and Baya revolts.
• Cameroonian cultures and institutions were finally implanted and difficult to replace. This forced France to replace Assimilation with Association as the new policy started to respect and collaborated with the French Cameroon traditional rulers. Hence failure of Assimilation.

C: PART III: Reasons for the failure or abandonment of Assimilation to Association.

• It was too expensive to educate the Blackman to be able to attain the level of a French man. The result was that it rains much finances into the French banks.
• The policy was seriously criticized by French schools and businessmen. This group of people argued that Africans as well as Cameroonians were a different branch of human race with their own culture and will be improper to absorb them into French culture .The Assimilated Africans also posed a problem to French businessmen as they became their economic rivals.
  

Conclusively, the implementation of the French policy of Assimilation recorded a good number of successes as well as failures. We should not also lost side of the fact that the policy of Assimilation was later replaced by Association to solve problem created by Association.

PART I: The similarities OR Comparism in Application

• Both Britain and France promoted socio-economic developments to enhance the wellbeing of their inhabitants.
• Both powers promoted the principle of good governance in their respective zones through their systems of administration.
• Both powers promoted the Freedom of conscience and worships
• Both Britain and France to a lesser extend installed naval or military bases in their respective territories on the eve of the second World War.
• Both powers fought against drugs and arms traffic in their territories.
• Lastly both submitted annual reports to the league of Nations.

PART II: The Differences OR contrasts in Application

• The British respected native laws and customs through indirect Rule while the French destroy it through Assimilation.
• The British avoided all forms of forced or compulsory labour while the French exercised full scale of compulsory labour through corvee and prestation.
• The French carried out meaningful Socio-economic developments in their territory while the British largely neglected socio-economic developments in her own zone.
• The British policies promoted peace and order in British Cameroons while the French policies provoked revolts such as the Douala and Baya revolts.

• France established economic monopoly in French Cameroon while Britain allowed other countries like Germany to trade in British Cameroon.

CONCLUSION
Summary of the main issues raised

A PART I: How Britain respected the terms OR principles of the mandate in her zone.

• Britain was expected to ensure peace. order and good government in British Cameroon. By this principle, Britain was expected to set up a form of administration acceptable to the colonial people as to avoid any discontent. Britain had adopted a system of indirect rule based on native authorities so that the Cameroonian native was able to participate in decision making on matters affecting them. This explains why they were no boycotts, riots and resistance in the British Cameroons as was the case the case in French Cameroon.
• Britain was expected to respect the native laws and customs of the people. Indirect rule implemented by the British had much respect for this mandate term. Vernacular schools were encouraged and Justice was dispensed in the native courts Following the customs and traditions of the people. Even the traditional authorities were largely recognized, respected and involved in local administration in British Cameroon. E.g Nanga William of Victoria was appointed by the Clifford constitution to represent southern Cameroon in the legislative house of Assembly in Lagos Nigeria.

• Britain was forbidden to establish neither a military, naval nor a native militia. Britain respected and followed this principle as the police force that was formed during the mandate period was strictly for the maintenance of peace and order. By 1938. the police force numbered only 136 men.
• Britain was to submit annual reports on the state of the territory to the League of Nations. Britain respected this term of the mandate system. Such reports were often prepared by the administrative officers and covered aspects of the territory's administrative organization, ethnic composition, economic and social development such reports have served as a major source of information to many researchers in Cameroon today to be verified in some National Achieves of Cameroon like Buea.
• Britain was required to suppress the slave trade, slavery and all forms of forced labour and also the traffic in aims and drugs. Of course. Britain was already fighting against the slave trade along the coast of Cameroon, long before the mandate period. Slavery and slave trade was completely checked and labour was usually paid by the British even though relatively love.
  Britain was to allow the citizen to exercise complete freedom of conscience and worship. Britain exercises much liberalization. The catholics and protestant missionaries were allowed even the Germans based missionaries still operated in British Cameroon. The moslems in the North of British Cameroons were allowed to practice their religion - Islam.

B: PART II: How British did not conform or disrespected the terms or principles of the mandate in Cameroon.

• Even though Britain was required by the terms of the mandate to promote the well being of the natives, but she disrespected this as Britain neglected the development of British Southern Cameroons in terms of infrastructures. The number of hospitals and medical doctors were in adequate. There were only six doctors and 31 nurses. There were no secondary schools except a college in Sassa opened by the Catholic. Motorways were also neglected and most roads were seasonal.
• Britain disrespected or went contrary with the mandate term of force labour by recruiting 3500 Cameroonians into the British West African Frontier Force during the Second World War. These Cameroonians fought and defended Britain not Cameroon.
• Britain disrespected the mandate term of good governance in the colonies. Britain took Cameroon and attached to Nigeria. She encourages many Nigerians to migrate to Cameroon who became rude, arrogant. discriminated against the Cameroonians on their soil. It was as if Nigeria was the second colonial master in British Cameroons.

CONCLUSION
Summary of the main issues raised. Criticize the league .For example, the League of Nations failed to put in place some mechanism to reinforce Britain to respect the terms of the mandate as the case with the U.N.O. The league said nothing about the future independence and Reunification of British and French Cameroons.

A PART I: Why Britain neglected British Southern Cameroons

• Britain was ignorant of the economic potentials of the territory apart from the fertile soils.
• Britain felt that the Germans may one day return to take back the territory. When Hitler rose to power, he launched an international campaign for the recovery of all Germans colonies including Cameroon.
• The territory had been devastated by the First World War. It was therefore costly to repair the damage.
• The Great Depression of 1929 and the early 1930s created economic problems for Britain at home such as fall of output and unemployment. Britian therefore paid very little attention to the economic development of Southern Cameroons.
• The British were unwilling to tax heavily its citizens to support the development of Southern Cameroons.
• There was no separate budget for the British Southern Cameroons. Finance for the development of the territory was to come through the budget of Nigeria but often little or nothing was allocated for the territory.

B: PART II How was Britain neglect of Southern Cameroons development per socioeconomic.
Economic neglect:

• In terms of road, very little was done, mostly seasonal roads. There was only one ring road linking the Bamenda - Wum and Nkambe Division and the road was seasonal.
• The British also neglected in the domain of railway construction. Railway lines remained what the Germans had constructed and no effect was made to develop new ones. Even the existing lines constructed by the German were beyond repairs and depreciating.
• The ports of Tiko and Victoria were also neglected as they were underutilized. There was no British effort to improve them beyond what the Germans had done.
• During the mandate period, Britain allowed the control of plantation agriculture in the hands of the Germans. The British citizens had refused to buy theses plantations during the first auction sales in 1923 and during the several auction sales in 1924, German planters bought the entire plantation in the territory.

• In terms of trade, it was still the Germans not British that dominated trading in British Southern Cameroons. The German planters exported all the crops cultivated in the territory to Germany and implanted equipment and farming tools from Germany

Social neglect:

• Education was neglected. The British did not create any government secondary school during the mandate period and few that existed was created by missionaries. Very few government primary schools were created. Most schools were controlled by Christian missions and native authorities. In 1939, the catholic mission created the first secondary school at Sassa called Saint Joseph College Sassa in Buea. Due to the absence of secondary schools, most southern Cameroonians like Endeley, Foncha trekked to Nigeria for post primary education.
• Another social area of neglect was in the domain area of health centres, one in each division of the six with one doctor in each of the health centre given a total of six doctors in the whole territory. The six doctors were in the ratio of one doctor to more than 90,000 patients.
• Hospitals were over crowed with inadequate drugs. The situation was worsening by the introduction of fee in the hospital which reduced the number of native visiting the hospital.
• The British also failed to protect Southern Cameroonians against Nigerian discrimination, domination and exploitation.

Conclusion:
British neglect of the development of Southern Cameroons can not only be limited to socio - economic. We should not lose sight of the fact that they were equally political neglect. These neglect had far reaching effects on the socio - economic disparities which existed in the then West Cameroon and East Cameroon. Today, the North West and South West Regions (former Southern Cameroons) continue to be lacking behind I terms of socio- economic and political developments with the Francophone regions of Cameroon. This is as a result of these colonial heritages

PART I: Health and Educational reforms
A. Health

• From the beginning of British mandate in 1922, in Southern Cameroons, she faced some health related diseases such as small pox, influenza, dysentery, chicken pox etc. Faced with these challenges; the British colonial government took some measures to eradicate these diseases under the supervision of the Department of Medical and Sanitary Services at Enugu.
• The British equally established hospitals in the four Division of Southern Cameroon in 1946, the Division were increased to six, making each Division to have a hospital and a medical Doctor given a total of six Doctors.
• In 1924, the British Resident in Southern Cameroons William Arnett imposed for the payment of fees in these hospitals. This was later abolished in the 1930 s and reintroduced in 1944 when the number of patients increased.
• Clinic centers were also established along the Kumba Mamfe Roads.

B. Education Reforms

• Elementary education was provided by the colonial government, missions and native Authorities.
• The curriculum of studies included the teaching of Hygiene, Agriculture, Reading, writing, Arithmetic, singing and Religion
• Education was financed from the payment of school fees, sale of produce from school farms, fees charged from manual labour, grants from Native Authorities and from government.
• In 1924, the British colonial government published regulation which provided free education for infants, and equally made education uniform for all.
• In 1932, primary Education was reduced from 9 to 8 years.
• Teacher - training centers were opened at kake in Kumba by the British and another open at Njinikom by the Roman Catholic Mission.
• In 1919, Government primary school up station in Bamenda was open headed by a head master from Nigeria. The aim of this school was to educate children of the colonial - officers.

PART II: Failures of the British

• In terms of education, the British Colonial government failed to promote post primary education such as secondary education. No single one was open by the British except of Saint Joseph College Sasse open 1939 by the Roman Catholic Mission.
• Most health facilities were abandoned in the hands of the Native Authorities.
• High fees charged in hospitals reduced the number of patients.
• There was an inadequate number of Health officers as only six medical Doctors existed.

CONCLUSION
Summary of the issues raised.

PART I: Benefits of Indirect Rule on the indigenes of Southern Cameroons

• Help to preserve native customs and tradition.
• Indirect Rule helped to reinstate traditional rulers who were deposed by the Germans such as chief Asonganyi of Fontem.
• Indirect Rule made traditional rulers to be trained in the art of modern administration.
• It provided for a relatively cordial administration between the British and the natives.
• Native enjoyed the system of Justice based on their customs and traditions
• The policy helped to prepare the natives toward self-rule.

PART II: Disadvantages of the policy OR How it failed to satisfy the aspirations of the indigenes.

• The policy neglected the linguistic, cultural and traditional peculiarities of the chiefdoms.
• The policy failed to unite the traditional rulers and the Western educated Elite, because the Elite felt that they were better placed to represent the people than the chiefs.

• Indirect Rule made the traditional rulers to become stooges to the British rather than serving the interest of their subjects.
• The policy failed to promote rapid socio-Economic development like the case of Assimilation in French Cameroon.
• The policy promoted tribal sentiments and disunity.

CONCLUSION
Summaries of the issue raised

PART I: Benefits of Indirect Rule on the indigenes of Southern Cameroons

• Help to preserve native customs and tradition.
• Indirect Rule helped to reinstate traditional rulers who were deposed by the Germans such as chief Asonganyi of Fontem.
• Indirect Rule made traditional rulers to be trained in the art of modern administration.
• It provided for a relatively cordial administration between the British and the natives.
• Native enjoyed the system of Justice based on their customs and traditions
• The policy helped to prepare the natives toward self-rule.

PART II: Disadvantages of the policy OR How it failed to satisfy the aspirations of the indigenes.

• The policy neglected the linguistic, cultural and traditional peculiarities of the chiefdoms.
• The policy failed to unite the traditional rulers and the Western educated Elite, because the Elite felt that they were better placed to represent the people than the chiefs.

• Indirect Rule made the traditional rulers to become stooges to the British rather than serving the interest of their subjects.
• The policy failed to promote rapid socio-Economic development like the case of Assimilation in French Cameroon.
• The policy promoted tribal sentiments and disunity.

CONCLUSION
Summaries of the issue raised