A. PART I: Arguments to demonstrate that the German annexation of Cameroon was a coup.

• The love for the British annexation by the British annexation by the Cameroon coastal chiefs. The coastal chiefs had preferred a British annexation through the writing of letters to British government appealing for annexation. For example in 1879, King Akwa had addressed a letter to queen Victoria and 1881 Bell had also sent a letter requesting for British annexation. There is no event that these chiefs ever wrote a letter requesting for German annexation. Hence, any annexation of Cameroon by the Germans rather than British is a coup.
• The dominant British position at the Cameroon coast among other European powers like Germany, Britain had set up more trading companies than Germany, the natives were already familiar with pidgin English, the British had set up a court of equity in Douala 1858. Germany and other European nations at the coast submitted themselves to these courts. Thus any annexation of Cameroon by a different European power other than Britain would simply be regarded as a coup.
• Bismarck False information to the British foreign office on April 1894. The fact that mismark deceived the British foreign office to assist Nachtigal saying that, his mission to Cameroon was to safe guard German traders and to study the state of German commerce. Bismarck later gave Nachtigal new instructions to annex Cameroon for the German and host the German flag at all points shows an aspect of a coup. Britain unknowingly gave Bismarck a free hand to annex Cameroon with ease. This explains why Britain became annoyed and refused to recognize the German annexation of Cameroon.
• The secret meetings between the German traders and the native chiefs are substantial evidence of coup. Such secret meetings were held at night such that the British traders at the coast of Cameroon should not get wind of what was going on. In such meetings the Germans often gave bribe and gifts to induce the chiefs to accept the German annexation. As a result of a gift and bribe, some of the chiefs signed the treaty of annexation against the wishes of others leading to results e.g lock priso refused to accept German annexation and hoisted British flag in his town because. Bell did not share German bribe with him.

• It can also be argued that the German annexation of Cameroon was a coup because preparation letters were prepared in Germany and sent to German traders at the coast to keep the natives prepared and aware of Nachtigals journey. The case in point was the letter written by Adolf Woermann form Germany to Edward Schmidt a German trader at the coast of Cameroon. The letter read thus "I have today to give you a few terms of information which  asked you in the interest of the matter to treat extremely confidentially " Thus it will be unconvincing to say that the German annexation of Cameroon 12 July 1884 was not a coup.

B.PART II: Arguments that German annexation of Cameroon was not a coup.

• It can also be argued that the German annexation of Cameroon was not a coup because Britain did not sign any treaty of annexation with the Cameroon natives. The appeals made by the coastal chiefs requesting the British annexation fell on deaf ears. Cameroon was not actually a British colony and so the German annexation could not be considered a coup. It was only after the German annexation of Cameroon that Britain hosted her flag in Victoria and proclaimed Victoria annexed.
• German dominant at the coast of Cameroon on the eve of annexation surpassed Britain. More German trading vessels came to the coast than the British vessels.
• The Germans were quiet aware of the British reluctance to annex Cameroon following the request by the coastal chiefs.
• It can also be argued that the German annexation of Cameroon was not a coup because Hewett and his followers or accomplist knew that the other European powers like Germany had interest in Cameroon and could annex Cameroon if she did not do it. For example when Hewett left England and assigned by her government to come and annex Cameroon he delay when he went to Nigeria and later informed another British captain Brooke to go to the coast of Cameroon and to inform the chiefs not to sign any treaty of annexation with the German and in which Brooke later dispatch captain Moore who finally came, discuss with the King Bell telling Bell not to sign any treaty with the Germans but to wait for the arrival of consul Hewett on sick leave in Nigeria. Bell accepted and waited for one week which he later change his mind to accept Nachtigal arrival for annexation.

CONCLUSION: Summary of the main issues and indicates some consequences or reactions to German annexation.

A - Part I: Reasons for Britain's unwilling to annex Cameroon.
Britain did not at any time think that Germany could amnex Cameroon since Bismarck had declared in 1871 that he was not interested in colonies.

• Differences in opinion between the British colonial and foreign offces. While the colonial office rejected annexation, the foreign office accepted annexation.
• The presence of tropical disease in Cameroon scared the British to accept annexation.
• British ignorance about the potentials in Cameroon discouraged her to be reluctant for annexation of Cameroon
• British lack enough admiral administrative personnel.
• Inadequate funds to pay administrative personnel's also account for the behavior of reluctance.

B - PART I: Reasons why Britain suddenly change her attitude in favour of annexation.
In 1884 Britain decided for annexation because

• Britain wanted to protect her commercial interest in Cameroon
• Pressure to the British government from the English Baptist Missionaries who feared expulsion in Cameroon
• Pressure by the British traders in Cameroon to their home government. The advantage Britain will gain if she annexes Cameroon.
• The signing of Treaties by the French in 1883 with chiefs of Batanga and Malimba frightened Britain that France was about to annex Cameroon
• Britain discovering of the secret plans of the Germans to annex Cameroon made her to change her mind in favour of annexation

CONCLUSION

• British reluctance in spite all her available efforts made her change of attitude toward annexation. It was Germany that annexed Cameroon following the signing of the German - Douala treaty of  July 1884 .

Part One: Positive Impact

• Promoted evangelization that is opened churches, translated the Bible
• Improvement in education; opened schools in Bimbia, Douala, Victoria
• Encouraged technical works e.g carpentry, tailoring and building
• Provision of health facilities to fight against common diseases like malaria and sleeping sickness
• Abolished slave trade through preaching's
• Promoted legitimate trade e.g Saker opened a cold store
• Improvement in Agriculture e.g introduced new crops and new techniques of farming

• He also laid the foundation of technical education in Cameroon by reviving the kiln set up by Joseph Merrick by creating the first society of craftsmen in Cameroon to bring together Cameroonians who wanted to study brick laying, sawing, tailoring, carpentry, and shoe making.
• He also promoted health activities when he opens the first health centre which he headed with his duties as an Evangelist.
• Saker also promoted agriculture in Cameroon when he introduce fruit tree like mango, avocado and also taught the natives how to cultivate cash crops like oil palm.
  B.PART II: Short comings or limitations of Alfred Saker.
• Saker was criticized by his junior colleagues of spending too much time on civilization especially agriculture, education, and health to the detriment of Evangelization which was the prime mission of the Baptist mission.
• Alfred Saker was accused by Rev. Alexander of mismanagement, poor treatment of his junior colleagues. it is said he always fill his pocket with mission money.
• He took the fertile lands of the natives in Cameroon with little or no compensation e.g the land at Victoria

CONCULSION
A summary of the main issue raised. Also say that apart from Saker, they were other Baptist missionaries who also recorded some successes in Cameroon like Joseph Merrick

Part Two Negative Impact

• Destruction of native Customs and tradition e.g names, polygamy
• Missionary seized native lands
• Their activities were limited to conflicts between the missionaries and some natives
• Led to European scramble and colonization of Cameroon.
  
  

A.PART I : why Alfred Saker is regarded as greatest pioneer missionary in Cameroon

• Saker was among the second batch of the Baptist missionaries who came to Cameroon.
• In 1845, saker open a mission station in Douala called the Bethel mission where he used to spread Christianity to neighboring towns like Akwa, Bell, and Hickory.
• Saker studied the Douala language which he used to translate the Bible into the Douala language.
• In 1858, Saker brought a trip of land from a Bakweri chief called king William of. Bimba of  miles where he opened an important mission station in Victoria for the Baptist mission.
• Saker also created schools in bethel and Hickory. He set up a printing press which he printed text and prayer books, and bibles. Through the influence of saker two European teachers William Doxon and Carrie Comba were posted to Cameroon.
• He also laid the foundation of technical education in Cameroon by reviving the kiln set up by Joseph Merrick by creating the first society of craftsmen in Cameroon to bring together Cameroonians who wanted to study brick laying, sawing, tailoring, carpentry, and shoe making.

• He also promoted health activities when he opens the first health centre which he headed with his duties as an Evangelist.
• Saker also promoted agriculture in Cameroon when he introduce fruit tree like mango, avocado and also taught the natives how to cultivate cash crops like oil palm.
  B.PART II: Short comings or limitations of Alfred Saker.
• Saker was criticized by his junior colleagues of spending too much time on civilization especially agriculture, education, and health to the detriment of Evangelization which was the prime mission of the Baptist mission.
• Alfred Saker was accused by Rev. Alexander of mismanagement, poor treatment of his junior colleagues. it is said he always fill his pocket with mission money.
• He took the fertile lands of the natives in Cameroon with little or no compensation e.g the land at Victoria

CONCULSION
A summary of the main issue raised. Also say that apart from Saker, they were other Baptist missionaries who also recorded some successes in Cameroon like Joseph Merrick

A.PART I: Reasons that avoided the planting of Christianity in Cameroon before 1884.

• To preach against slave trade and to create peaceful environment for legitimate trade.
• To spread Christianity and stop paganic practices.
• To atone for European crimes against the Cameroon people especially during the period of slave trade.
• To eradicate evil practices in Cameroon e.g killing of twins.
• To prepare the ground for the eventual annexation of Cameroon by the Europeans.
• Emancipated slaves were anxious to return to Africa and carry out evangelization in their own home lands.
  B.part II : Factors against Christianity or problems that the missionaries faced and solutions to the problems.
• Language difficulty: The missionaries used English language in preaching, that was not understood by the natives of Cameroon. This problem was solved by translators translating the bible in to the local dialects of the natives. For example Joseph Merrick and Alfred Saker after studying the Isubu and Douala dialects translated the bible into their local languages respectively.
• Communication problem between the missionaries in Cameroon and the home branch proved difficult. To solve this problem the missionaries used the ships of the Presbyterian mission and British traders who own ships that carried their messages to and from London.
• Lack of enough land to carry out their activities. To redress this problem, the missionaries decided to offer gifts and even bought land from the native. For example the Baptist missionaries are believed to have paid up 2000 before setting at Victoria in 1858.

• Harsh climate of Cameroon affected the health of the missionaries.

CONCLUSION
Even though there were many factors that favored the implantation of Christianity in Cameroon, the missionaries faced some difficulties though solved, they still achieved a lot in the domain of evangelization, education health and agriculture.

A.PART I: Circumstances or events under which Christian mission were establihshed in Cameroon

• This failed attempt by the Niger expedition. The Niger expedition had been assigned to explore the river, exploit legitimate trade and set up missionary stations and abolish slave trade. The expedition left London on the  October 1840. This expedition had to fail in achieving their objectives due to high mortality rate amongst the missionaries. Out of the 145 Europeans missionaries sent. 48 died within two months. This expedition left the Niger Delta and settled at Fernando po.

• The interest of Clarkes and G.K prince in the land opposite Fernando po to carry out evangelization work. This land opposite Fernando Po happened to have been the Cameroon coast precisely Douala and Zambia. Clarke and G.K prince then visited king Akwa, Bell and William of Bimbia and introduced them the notion of Christianity. Their only obstacle was the slave trade still practiced by these chiefs.
• The failed attempt by Clarke and G.K prince to evangelize the people of Cameroon due to slave trade, influenced the missionaries to report to the headquarters in London caused Britain to champion the cause of abolition of slave trade in Cameroon and introduced legitimate trade and Christianity.
• The abolition of slave trade by the British in Cameroon. Following the repon of Clarke and G.K prince to London, the British government was bent to abolish the slavery and slave trade practiced in Cameroon. British government sign abolition treaties of this trade with kings Akwa, Bell, and William of Bambia which they ended up the trade and embraced the new trade legitimate trade. Hence prepared the ground for Christianity.
• The arrival of Joseph Merrick and Alfred Saker in Cameroon for Evangelization work. By the time this two missionaries and other collaborators arrived Cameroon in 1844, Clarke and Dr G.K prince had laid a solid foundation for the evangelization work. The British had abolished slave trade and thus the kings and the people now had all time to listen to their preaching. As a result, Joseph Merrick established the first mission station in Bimbia in 1844 called "Jubilee mission" and Alfred Saker open up a second mission station in Douala in June 1845 called "Bethel mission".

B. PART II: Results of missionaries activities in Cameroon

The results can be grouped under positive and negative.
*POSITIVE RESULTS

• Introduction of the Christian religion
• Conversion of natives from paganic practices in to Christianity.
• Improvements in education.
• Contributions to health.
• End of slavery and slave trade.
  

*NEGATIVE RESULTS OF CIRISTIANITY MISSIONARIES

• Disruption of native customs and traditions
• Encouraged the annexation of Cameroon by the Europeans.

CONCLUSION : A summary of the issues raised in the body.

A.PART I: Circumstances or events under which Christian mission were establihshed in Cameroon

• This failed attempt by the Niger expedition. The Niger expedition had been assigned to explore the river, exploit legitimate trade and set up missionary stations and abolish slave trade. The expedition left London on the  October 1840. This expedition had to fail in achieving their objectives due to high mortality rate amongst the missionaries. Out of the 145 Europeans missionaries sent. 48 died within two months. This expedition left the Niger Delta and settled at Fernando po.

• The interest of Clarkes and G.K prince in the land opposite Fernando po to carry out evangelization work. This land opposite Fernando Po happened to have been the Cameroon coast precisely Douala and Zambia. Clarke and G.K prince then visited king Akwa, Bell and William of Bimbia and introduced them the notion of Christianity. Their only obstacle was the slave trade still practiced by these chiefs.
• The failed attempt by Clarke and G.K prince to evangelize the people of Cameroon due to slave trade, influenced the missionaries to report to the headquarters in London caused Britain to champion the cause of abolition of slave trade in Cameroon and introduced legitimate trade and Christianity.
• The abolition of slave trade by the British in Cameroon. Following the repon of Clarke and G.K prince to London, the British government was bent to abolish the slavery and slave trade practiced in Cameroon. British government sign abolition treaties of this trade with kings Akwa, Bell, and William of Bambia which they ended up the trade and embraced the new trade legitimate trade. Hence prepared the ground for Christianity.
• The arrival of Joseph Merrick and Alfred Saker in Cameroon for Evangelization work. By the time this two missionaries and other collaborators arrived Cameroon in 1844, Clarke and Dr G.K prince had laid a solid foundation for the evangelization work. The British had abolished slave trade and thus the kings and the people now had all time to listen to their preaching. As a result, Joseph Merrick established the first mission station in Bimbia in 1844 called "Jubilee mission" and Alfred Saker open up a second mission station in Douala in June 1845 called "Bethel mission".

B. PART II: Results of missionaries activities in Cameroon

The results can be grouped under positive and negative.
*POSITIVE RESULTS

• Introduction of the Christian religion
• Conversion of natives from paganic practices in to Christianity.
• Improvements in education.
• Contributions to health.
• End of slavery and slave trade.
  

*NEGATIVE RESULTS OF CIRISTIANITY MISSIONARIES

• Disruption of native customs and traditions
• Encouraged the annexation of Cameroon by the Europeans.

CONCLUSION : A summary of the issues raised in the body.

A.PART I: why the Fulani established their hegemony in north Cameroon
Religious Reasons.

• The desire to purify Islam.
• The desire to create an ideal Islamic state.
• To create a Fulani society to be governed by the five pillars of Islam.

Political Reasons

• The desire to seize political power from the kirdis leaders.
• The desire to reform the corrupt governments of the indigenous rulers.
• The desire to establish a theocratic state which will be governed by Islamic laws and malikite code.

Economic Reasons

• To provide adequate security from the muslem wealth.
• To serve land.

B.PART II: Stages or how Fulani establish their hegemony in north Cameroon.

• Fulani came from Senegal and entered Cameroon in the  century. Because of enough pasture land, they settled in north Cameroon.
• When they settled in north Cameroon, the Fulani used different methods to penetrate the indigenous by making friendship pacts and regularly paid tributes to the indigenous overlords.
• As their population increased, they began settling in separate quarters.
• When Usman Dan Fodio launched his Jihad in north Cameroon send modibo Adama to release blessings to all of them.
• When Adama returned back from northern Nigeria to northern Cameroon, he settled at Yola he launched the Jihad in north Cameroon and his followers’ conquered areas like Maroua, Garoua, Ngaoundere, Pema, Guidder, Tibati.
• After succeeding Yola became the capital of his theocratic state. Hence Fulani hegemony was fully established.

CONCLUSION
The Fulani hegemony was however incomplete because not all areas in the region were brought under Fulani hegemony. The Mandara and other areas like Kotoko was never subjugated under Fulani hegemony.

A.PART I: Evidence to show that the Fulani Jihad in north Cameroon was barbaric in nature (negative effects)

• Firstly, the Fulani used of poisonous arrows transformed the Jihad into a barbaric war. The resultant effects were great loss of lives.
• Again, the transformation of the Jihad into a slave raiding crusade is another evident to justify that, the Fulani Jihad in north Cameroon was barbaric in nature. In the course of the Jihad many Fulani rather decided to capture some kirdis as slaves and sold into the trans-saharan slave trade. This activity defeated the whole purpose of the Jihad.
• There was much loss of lives coupled with the use of poisonous arrows by the fulanis.
• Huge destruction of kirdi property. In the course of the wars, the Fulani horses caused enormous damages to farm lands and a negative effect on crop production, mindful of the fact that, the Fulani were mostly cattle rearers.
  B.PART II: Some positive aspects or effects of Fulani Jihad in north Cameroon
• The Fulani were able to estäblish their theocratic state in norther Cameroon as they took over the political control of most of the area. This Islamic theocratic state had it's headquarter at Yola.

• The Fulani succeeded in instituting Islam as the dorminant religion in north Cameroon.
• The Fulbe language, the fufulde became the lingua-Franca of north Cameroon. It was the most widely spoken language used.
• Islamic architecture equally became prominent especially with the building of mosques and palaces. This new system of construction led to urbanization in maroua, Garoua, Ngaoundere and others.
• Koranic education was introduced with the spread of Islam; there was an influence of mallams from northern Nigeria to northern Cameroon to expand to expand koranic literature, law and medicine.
• The Jihads resulted in the transfer of political power from the kirdis to the fulbe who became the new political masters. Fulbe domination is still very strong in north Cameroon even today.

CONCLUSION
Summary of the main issue raised.

PART I. Arguments to show how Adama Jihads was religious in nature.

• The desire by Adama to purify islam and cleans it from paganic practices by local communities in north Cameroon, since pure muslems found that many of their brothers mixed paganic practices with Islamic laws.
• The desire by Adama to establish an ideal Islamic society void of unclean practices of the moslem holy book, the Koran.
• Before Adama launched his Jihads, he had blessings from Uthman Dan Fodio in Nigeria as how he was to carry his Jihad, he overthrow the local rulers in north Cameroon, not because he wanted to take political power but because he wanted to revived Islam since the mulem in north Cameroon were no longer respecting Islamic laws.

• The establishment of Islamic theocratic societies in north Cameroon called lamidat shows that Adama Jihad was religious in nature. There was the respect for the five pillars of islam and other Islamic practices by almost all the muslem. Islamic practices like prayers, fasting, and pilgrimage were encouraged.

Muslem communities like Maroua, Ngaoundere, highly respected Alla as the supreme. B. PART II: Arguments that, the Adama's Jihads was more political than Religious.

• The desire by the Jihadist to launch the Jihads so as to free themselves from the bondage of high and arbitrary taxes imposed by the pagan rulers. That was why a majority of the local peasant population massively participated in the struggle to overthrown these rulers.
• The desire to seize political power. The nomadic Fulani were a greater proportion of them were pagans supported Adama because tribal affirnity and not for the religious reasons. They supported their brother because of their tribal links. This clearly shows that, the Jihad was a political movement.
• The desire by many Fulani flag-bearers to be administrators encouraged many to join the Jhad. Adama had promise the flag-bearers that, should in case they succeed; they automatically become direct administrator in the area of success. Like in Fombina present day Adamawa. Many joined for this simple reason.
• The need to acquire wealth shows that, the Jihad was a political movement rathe: than a retigious movement.
  In the mandara area, the supporters of Adama were concerned more by the acquisition of wealth and luxury which they found in Douala the capital of mandara rather than religious.
• The failure of Adama successors to extend the Jihad into the forest region after the death of Adama shows that the Jihad was a political movement. His followers had acquired areas where they had been administrators and were enough for them not to continue with the Jihad after the death of Adama whom they had feared.

CONCLUSION
Even though, the political reasons of the prime motive of the struggle should not be undermined.

Question 2: Already above
"A political crusade in the guise of religious purification"
How far does the outcome of the Adama Jihad justify this assertion?

GUIDED ANSWER
A.PART I : The religious outcome or achievement

• Islam was purified as orthodox Islam was established. This ended the religious confusion and tension that reigned in northern Cameroon before the holy wars.
• The Fulani succeeded in instituting Islam as the dominant religion in north Cameroon. Islamic culture and civilization made the five pillars of Islam to become part of the daily life of the people.
• The Koran became the main document used in Islamic teachings. Koranic schools developed in most parts of north Cameroon. A new class that could read and interpret the Koran called mallams came up.
• Islamic architecture was constructed especially with the building of mosques and palaces in places like Maroua, Garoua, Ngaoundere and others.
  
  

B.PART II: The political achievement or outcome of the Jihadist.

It has been argued by some scholars that, the political effects or Achievements of the Jihadist outnumbered the religious Achievements. This will be examined below;

• Firstly, the.Fulani were able to establish their theocratic state in north Cameroon as they took over the political control of most of the areas. Most of northern Cameroon was united under Fulani leadership with Modibo Adama as the emirwith headquarter at yola and was called the Adamawa Emirate.
• In addition, power moved from the former kirdi overlords to the Fulbe in their Adorates most of the Fulbe became Ardos in territories they conquered which had initially been governed by kirdi chiefs. Hence Fulani hegemony was established in north Cameroon.
• Political stability and security was established in north Cameroon unlike in the past characterized with inter-tribal wars.
• New political structures emerged to replace the old state system that existed before
• the Jihad. In place of the petty kirdi states Andorates were created under the yola Emirate.
• The Jihadist transformed northern Cameroon from a stateless to a state society as they were district heads, then the chiefs and finally the quarter heads.

CONCLUSION
Despite the extensive character of the Jihads, the Fulani did not succeed to completely purify the Adamawa emirate. The Fulani soon became confounded with the political positions they had acquired and lost sight of their initial objective (Religious) which was to transform the whole of north Cameroon. Paganic practices such as Adultery, drunkenness and sinfulness was still common among the Fulani in their Ardonites.