PART I: Benefits of Indirect Rule on the indigenes of Southern Cameroons

• Help to preserve native customs and tradition.
• Indirect Rule helped to reinstate traditional rulers who were deposed by the Germans such as chief Asonganyi of Fontem.
• Indirect Rule made traditional rulers to be trained in the art of modern administration.
• It provided for a relatively cordial administration between the British and the natives.
• Native enjoyed the system of Justice based on their customs and traditions
• The policy helped to prepare the natives toward self-rule.

PART II: Disadvantages of the policy OR How it failed to satisfy the aspirations of the indigenes.

• The policy neglected the linguistic, cultural and traditional peculiarities of the chiefdoms.
• The policy failed to unite the traditional rulers and the Western educated Elite, because the Elite felt that they were better placed to represent the people than the chiefs.

• Indirect Rule made the traditional rulers to become stooges to the British rather than serving the interest of their subjects.
• The policy failed to promote rapid socio-Economic development like the case of Assimilation in French Cameroon.
• The policy promoted tribal sentiments and disunity.

CONCLUSION
Summaries of the issue raised

PART I: Reasons for Indirect Rule.

• The successful story of the policy by the British in Northern Nigeria influence her to implement it in Southern Cameroons.
• Britain wanted to maintain and preserved the customs and tradition of the people.
• The traditional institutions in Southern Cameroons such as the Kwifor, Ngumba, Ngwerong were very dynamic.
• The British lacked trained colonial administrators to use.
• The lack of finances to pay her own officers.
• The absence of adequate communications and transport network like roads.

PART II: The Successes Or Achievements Or advantages of Indirect Rule

• Cheap and easy for the British. As such the British were able to govern vast areas.
• The policy reinforced the values of Southern Cameroonians such as vernacular languages.
• Indirect rule helped to reinstate traditional rulers who had been deposed by the Germans such as chief Asonganyi of Fontem.
• Native enjoyed the system of Justice based on their custom and tradition.
• Indirect Rule made traditional rulers to be trained in the art of modern administration.
• The policy provided for a relatively cordial administration between the British administrators and the natives.
• Revenue was easily collected and labour could be easily raised for construction of roads.

PART II: Failures OR Disadvantages of Indirect Rule (negative effects).

• Ethnic groups and villages were grouped together creating conflicts e.g Ngembá under Bali.
• The policy weakened the system of traditional authority of chiefs. As the chiefs became more loyal to the British than their subjects.
• The policy retarded political growth and organization of some villages which were placed under larger chiefdoms
• The policy neglected the educated elite and discourage nationalism.

• The policy failed to adequately promote the socio-Economic development of Southern Cameroons.

CONCLUSION
Summaries of the issues raised.

PART I: Reasons for Indirect Rule.

• The successful story of the policy by the British in Northern Nigeria influence her to implement it in Southern Cameroons.
• Britain wanted to maintain and preserved the customs and tradition of the people.
• The traditional institutions in Southern Cameroons such as the Kwifor, Ngumba, Ngwerong were very dynamic.
• The British lacked trained colonial administrators to use.
• The lack of finances to pay her own officers.
• The absence of adequate communications and transport network like roads.

PART II: The Successes Or Achievements Or advantages of Indirect Rule

• Cheap and easy for the British. As such the British were able to govern vast areas.
• The policy reinforced the values of Southern Cameroonians such as vernacular languages.
• Indirect rule helped to reinstate traditional rulers who had been deposed by the Germans such as chief Asonganyi of Fontem.
• Native enjoyed the system of Justice based on their custom and tradition.
• Indirect Rule made traditional rulers to be trained in the art of modern administration.
• The policy provided for a relatively cordial administration between the British administrators and the natives.
• Revenue was easily collected and labour could be easily raised for construction of roads.

PART II: Failures OR Disadvantages of Indirect Rule (negative effects).

• Ethnic groups and villages were grouped together creating conflicts e.g Ngembá under Bali.
• The policy weakened the system of traditional authority of chiefs. As the chiefs became more loyal to the British than their subjects.
• The policy retarded political growth and organization of some villages which were placed under larger chiefdoms
• The policy neglected the educated elite and discourage nationalism.

• The policy failed to adequately promote the socio-Economic development of Southern Cameroons.

CONCLUSION
Summaries of the issues raised.

PART I: Reasons for partition

• To share the naval facilities at the coast of Cameroon. Both wanted to share the ports of Douala and Victoria.
• The failure of the Anglo-French condominium was the main reason for partition.
• Britain and France partition Cameroon to prevent the Germans from ever hoping of returning to regain Cameroon.
• Partition was intended to punish Germany for giving the firs world war.
• Britain and France partition Cameroon in other to share German investments like plantations.
• To raise French moral so as to continue the war.

PART II: Steps or stages of Partition of Cameroon

• In February 1916, the French Diplomat George Picot and the British Foreign Secretary Lancelot Oliphant met in London and partition Cameroon. Oliphant produced the map of Cameroon and asked Picot to determine the zone the French
• would like. Picot used a ruler and traced a line on the map of Cameroon from Lake Chad in the north to the south.
• In March 1916, a series of meeting were held in Douala between Dobell and Aymerich to officially effects the partition plan on the ground was traced from Lake Chad in the north to river Mungo in the South. In April 1916, the British and French officials move to their respective zones with Dobell and Aymerich appointed commission in the British and French zones respectively.
  58

• The partition line became known as the picot line in which the French got  of Cameroon (432.00sqkm) with a population of 2 million and Britain got  of Cameroon (88.000sqkm) with a population of 500,000 people.
• In June 1919, Germany was forced to sign the treaty of Versailles handing over Cameroon to Britain and France.
• In July 1919. British foreign minister Alfred Lord Milner and the French minister for colonies Henri - Simon signed the Milner - Simon agreement which confirmed the partition.
• In 1922, the League of Nations approved the partition.

PART III: Consequences of the Partition.

• Partition led to Anglophone problem in Cameroon.
• Partition restricted the smooth movements of people and goods between the two zones:
• Partition led to separation of ethnic groups and families e.g Bakweri, Bakossi, Mbos, Balong, Bamilekes.
• Partition led to Bilingualism in Cameroon.
• Partition led to inequality in Cameroon i.e. in terms of development.
• Assess others.

Conclusion
Summaries of the issues raised

PART I: Reasons for partition

• To share the naval facilities at the coast of Cameroon. Both wanted to share the ports of Douala and Victoria.
• The failure of the Anglo-French condominium was the main reason for partition.
• Britain and France partition Cameroon to prevent the Germans from ever hoping of returning to regain Cameroon.
• Partition was intended to punish Germany for giving the firs world war.
• Britain and France partition Cameroon in other to share German investments like plantations.
• To raise French moral so as to continue the war.

PART II: Steps or stages of Partition of Cameroon

• In February 1916, the French Diplomat George Picot and the British Foreign Secretary Lancelot Oliphant met in London and partition Cameroon. Oliphant produced the map of Cameroon and asked Picot to determine the zone the French
• would like. Picot used a ruler and traced a line on the map of Cameroon from Lake Chad in the north to the south.
• In March 1916, a series of meeting were held in Douala between Dobell and Aymerich to officially effects the partition plan on the ground was traced from Lake Chad in the north to river Mungo in the South. In April 1916, the British and French officials move to their respective zones with Dobell and Aymerich appointed commission in the British and French zones respectively.
  58

• The partition line became known as the picot line in which the French got  of Cameroon (432.00sqkm) with a population of 2 million and Britain got  of Cameroon (88.000sqkm) with a population of 500,000 people.
• In June 1919, Germany was forced to sign the treaty of Versailles handing over Cameroon to Britain and France.
• In July 1919. British foreign minister Alfred Lord Milner and the French minister for colonies Henri - Simon signed the Milner - Simon agreement which confirmed the partition.
• In 1922, the League of Nations approved the partition.

PART III: Consequences of the Partition.

• Partition led to Anglophone problem in Cameroon.
• Partition restricted the smooth movements of people and goods between the two zones:
• Partition led to separation of ethnic groups and families e.g Bakweri, Bakossi, Mbos, Balong, Bamilekes.
• Partition led to Bilingualism in Cameroon.
• Partition led to inequality in Cameroon i.e. in terms of development.
• Assess others.

Conclusion
Summaries of the issues raised

A.PART I: Reasons for the proposed Anglo-French condominium or why the condominium was more theoretical.

• There were repeated German attempts to recapture some territories already captured by Britain and France in Cameroon. It was felt that only a condominium would check the German menace.
• Britain and France wanted to share the high cost of maintaining an army in Cameroon.
• The Allied powers were out to compensate themselves for the role played in the liberation of Cameroon.
• The Allied powers claimed that a condominium could ensure the unity of German Kamerun after the war.
• Douala as a nave base with it transmitter was very strategic. Both partners wanted Douala.
• Douala was a terminus of two railways, center of trade and a port town was attractive to both parties.

B.PART II: Reasons for the failure of the condominium or inapplicability of condominium

• Apart from Douala were in 1915 the British and French military officials established a joint rule under Dobell, the Idea of the condominium never took place in Cameroon. It was more theoretical than a practical experience or better still a "Myth than a reality" Therefore, the condominium was "easier said than done". The reasons below would explain why the condominium failed in Cameroon.
• The authority issue divided Britain and France. Britain wanted all the services, civilian and military to be control all by Dobell white the French wanted Aymerick to control either the civilian or military affairs.
• British insisted that in case of transfer or death of Dobell, he should be succeeded by another British officer while the French rejected and wanted a French officer to succeed Dobell. Hence failure of condominium.

Territorial issue was another reason for the failure of the joint Anglo-French condominium. Britain wanted the condominium to be applied to all areas

A.PART I: The role played by conflict of Authority to the failure of the condominium.

• Firstly Britain and France were divided over the authority issue. The British were of the opinion that all the services, civilian and military be under control of Dobell, while the French wanted Aymerich to have the same powers as the British or the posts are shared.
• There was also a difference over succession at the head of the condominium. According to the British incase of death, Dobell be succeeded by another British man which France rejected and said it should be succeeded by a French man. Hence failure to establish a joint government.
• Again, the report written by General Dobell on the war in Cameroon undermine the French authority and helped to annoyed the French as he Vader rated the role played by the French in the defeat of Germany. This conflict over contribution prevented the establishment of the condominium.
• British decision of reshaping her eastern Nigerian Frontier and appointing British officials in Cameroon without consulting Bance also led to the failure of the condominium. The fact that Britain treated France as a junior part without recognizing her authority as equal partner led to the demise of the condominium.

B.PART II: The contribution of other factors to the failure of the condominium.

Not conflict of authority alone contributed to the failure of the British and French joint venture. They equally existed other causes.

• Territorial issue. The British wanted the condominium to cover all parts of Cameroon whether jointly conquer or separately conquered. On the other hand the French refused insisting that the condominium should cover only areas jointly conquered by British and French troops.
• Differences in colonial policies and language between Britain and France made joint administration difficult. The French policy of assimilation and the British practice of indirect rule could not be applied in one colony.
• Britain and France also failed to establish a condominium in Cameroon because of conflict over the appellation issue of the name. Britain wanted it to be called a joint administration while France refused and wanted to be called condominium.
• Financial issue also led to the failure of condominium. The British suggested that each country should take care of the expenses on its troops. The French rejected this idea because they had more troops than the British in Cameroon.

CONCLUSION
The failure of the condominium created suspicion and tension between France and Britain it affected the war time collaborative spirit of the two countries and the most important result of the failure of the attempt was the partition of Cameroon and ultimate endorsement by the League of Nations in 1922.

A.PART I: why the Germans resisted the allied for up to 18 months

• German troops had a good mastery of the terrain in Cameroon as Germany had administered Cameroon for 30 years.
• The German troops were united under one commander Zimmermann. Their command was not divided like the allied that had many commanders with divided opinions.
• Some Cameroonian tribes supported the Germans. E.g Ewondo and Fulbe. This added to German war effort to allied disadvantage.
• The Germans had external support from the people of Spanish-Guinea and Fernando-po. This p[people smuggled arms or weapons from their countries and supplied to the Germans in Cameroon.
• The influence of von Raben who was able to defend the German fort at mora, helping to delay a fierce victory by Britain and France.

B.PART II: Reasons for the subsequent defeat of the Germans by Allied OR reasons for Allied victory in World War I

• The fall of Douala to allied forces contributed to German defeat with the loss of Douala, the Germans were deprived of the military supplies from home.
• The allied were supported by some tribes in Cameroon. The Germans had antagonized the Douala and Bakweri people as colonial master. The support of these tribes was instrumental in the liberation of Douala and subsequent German defeat. They acted as carriers, spies.
• The subsequent defeat of the Germans was as a result of Belgian support. Reinforcement from three Belgian Congo in October 1914 as well as Indian army helped to hastened German defeat.
• The Germans were defeated because they were attacked by three major European powers Britain, France and Belgium.
• The three front attacks on Yaounde and the capture of that commercial center deprived the Germans of a lot of resources and Ewondo support.
• The allied powers soon learn from their initial mistakes. The allies decision to combine their forces together by forming the West African Expeditionary force (WAEF) under chances Dobell worked the subsequent default of the Germans.

CONCLUSION
Briefly state some effects of World War I.

PART I: The Role of the fall of Douala to German defeat in the war

• The capture of Douala deprived the Germans of war and reinforcement at home.
• The capture of Douala deprived the Germans of its powerful transmission station.
• The capture of Douala by the allied deprived Germany of any possibility of organizing a counter attack from Rio-Muni.

• The capture of Douala affected the German trade. This was because Douala was a terminus of two railway lines and an important centre for trade. So its fall adversely affected the Germans
• Douala served as head quarters of the West African Expeditionary force (WAEF)

PART II: Other factors which accelerated the German defeat.

• The sudden unity of the Allied by the formation of the West African Expeditionary Force under Charles Dobell.
• Allied attack on the Germans in Cameroon from all fronts.
• The support given to the Allied by some ethnic groups e.g Dualas.
• The combine force of Britain, France and Belgium.
• German forces were already exhausted by the many wars of resistance they fought against the resisting tribes in Cameroon.
• The numerical superiority of the allied soldiers.

CONCLUSION
Summaries of the issues raised.

A -Part I: The extent to which the Germano-Douala treaty satisfy Cameroonians aspirations.

• The native ownership of land was accepted by the Germans and included in the final treaty of annexation. Even though the Germans were later to violate it to seize native land.
• The Germano-Douala treaty accepted the indigenes or Cameroonians to maintain their customs and traditions following the German annexation of Cameroon. This meant that the natives were to continue with their customs the usually have been doing.
• The chiefs of Cameroon were to continue levying their dues as formerly as indicated by Cameroon in the preliminary treaty.
• The fact that, the Germano - Douala treaty to a certain degree respected the native draft to define the boundaries from river Bimbia in the North to river qua-qua in the south are all clear evidence to show that the Germano-Douala treaty did not completely ignore all the clause of the king’s memorandum. It satisfies some Cameroonians aspirations.

• The clause that former treaties of friendship and commerce should remain enforce was equally respected and included in the German-Douala treaty of 12 July 1884.

B.PART II : The extent to which the Germano-Douala treaty did not satisfy the aspirations of Cameroonians.

• The treaty went as far as adding territories that Cameroonians never spelt out in the conditions under which Cameroonians provided German annexation of Cameroon.
• Not all Cameroonian chiefs were invited to be present during the final draft of the handing over of Cameroon to the Germans only the coastal chiefs like king Bell and Akwa who have indebted themselves to the Germans and has taken German bribe were invited at the detriment of the interior Cameroon chiefs. Even some coastal chiefs whom Bell and Akwa did not compromise with them to provide their own share of the German bribe were not present. E.g Lock Priso of hickory town staged a revolt against German annexation of Cameroon because he was not invited:
• Again, the native middle man monopoly of trade was the most disregarded terms which the Germano - Douala treaty completely eliminated against the wishes of Cameroonians. Thus prepare a future conflict between the Germans and the Cameroonian natives.
• Another bold step taken by the Germano-Douala treaty against the wishes of Cameroonians was that, there should be no arrest, beating and detention without faults as indicated by the preliminary treaty. This clause was intentionally violated by the Germans immediately after annexation; public flogging was exercise by the Germans in the Ewondo chief Esono Ella in front of his wives and children.
  In addition, the Germano-Douala treaty allowed some chiefs to sign the treaty against the wishes of their subjects. For example king Bell's subjects rose against him for supporting the treaty and he took refuge in the bush. Hence justify the fact that, the Germano-Douala treaty never took into consideration Cameroonian aspirations.

CONCLUSION
The Germano-Douala treaty to a lesser extent satisfies the aspirations of Cameroonians and a majority of which was not taken into consideration as it was out to dissatisfy Cameroonians to the German advantage. Even those Cameroonian chiefs like king Bell who enjoyed the German bribe and accepted annexation, just after merely some days ahead he revolted against the Germans when the Germans seized his land. He invited sultan Njoya of Bamum to support him, as Njoya rejected this support when he said "The Germans are my masters".