A PART I:Circumstances leading to the spread of Jihads in north Cameroon.

• Fulani settlement in north Cameroon: The fulbe had left Futa Toro and after wondering through the western Sudan, they finally settled in Northern Cameroon and added to the former occupance the kirdi or pagans.
• Accommodation of the Fulani by the kirdi. The fact that the kirdi accepted the Fulani, this prepares the ground for future religious conflicts between paganic laws and Islamic laws.
• Accumulation of wealth by the Fulani while in the religion the Fulani government involved in various income generating activities and accumulated much wealth. This constituted the source of their strength and became convinced that, they could sustain a war against their neighboring pagan states, Hence Jihads.
• Fulani experiences in north Cameroon after settling in north Cameroon, the Fulani had the opportunity of working in the courts of the pagan kings as clerks, teachers, book-keepers. Those experiences urged them to become jealous and later launch Jihads.
• Influence from neighboring Islamic states like sokoto and Bornu in Nigeria with the successes of Dan Fodio in the revolution in these states acted as a catalyst for modibo Adama to launch the Jihads in north Cameroon.
  
  

B. PART II: Results or effects of Jihads in north Cameroon
*POSITIVE RESULTS

• Fulani establishment of a theocratic state in north Cameroon with capital at Yola.
• Power was transferred from the former kirdi overlords to the fulbe in their Adorates.
• Islam became the dorminant religion in north Cameroon.
• The Adulteration of Islam ended with the introduction and observance of the five pillars of Islam.
• Koran became the main document used in Islamic teaching.
• Fulbe language, the fufulde became the linquar-finnca of north Cameroon.

• NEGATIVE RESULTS

• Forceful migration of the kirdis who did not want to accept Islam. Bali migration from north Cameroon to the western grass field was because they never wanted to be converted into Islam.
• The former kirdi overlords lost political power
• They were significant loss of lives in the course of the Jihads.

CONCLUSION:
Provide a summary of what has been written in the body of the essay.

A. PART I: Causes of Fulani Jihads in North Cameroon
*Religious causes

• The desire to purify Islam
• The desire to create an ideal Islamic state in north Cameroon
• To respect the malikite code of law
  
  

*Political causes

• The desire to seize political power from the indigenous leaders.

• To end the bad government practiced by the indigenous rulers.
• To create a theocratic states which will be governed by pure Muslims, Islamic laws and malikite code
  
  

*Economic causes

• To secure Muslims wealth
• The desire to end high taxes imposed on the Fulani by pagan rulers.
• To seized land.
  
  

B.PART II: The significance or effects of Islamic Revolution in north Cameroon. The Jihads was a mixed blessing as it had both positive and negative effects
*POSITIVE EFFECTS

• Fulani establishment of theocratic state in north Cameroon with head quarter at Yola.
• Power was transferred from the former kirdi overlords to the fulbe in their Adorates.
• Islamic because the dorminant religion in north Cameroon.
• The Adulteration of Islam ended with the introduction and observance of the five pillars of Islam.
• Koran became the main document used in Islam teaching.
• Fulbe language the fufulde because the linqual- Franca of north Cameroon.
  *Negative effects or Repercussion
• Forceful migration of the kirdis who did not want to welcome Islam. E.g The Tikars left north Cameroon for the western grasslands.
• Former kirdir overlord lost political power.
• Significant loss of lives in the course of the Jihads especially among the indigenous population.

CONCLUSION
The causes of the Jihads were many and the consequences were far-reaching which can be grouped under positive and negative effects.

A. PART I: Causes of Fulani Jihads in North Cameroon
*Religious causes

• The desire to purify Islam
• The desire to create an ideal Islamic state in north Cameroon
• To respect the malikite code of law
  
  

*Political causes

• The desire to seize political power from the indigenous leaders.

• To end the bad government practiced by the indigenous rulers.
• To create a theocratic states which will be governed by pure Muslims, Islamic laws and malikite code
  
  

*Economic causes

• To secure Muslims wealth
• The desire to end high taxes imposed on the Fulani by pagan rulers.
• To seized land.
  
  

B.PART II: The significance or effects of Islamic Revolution in north Cameroon. The Jihads was a mixed blessing as it had both positive and negative effects
*POSITIVE EFFECTS

• Fulani establishment of theocratic state in north Cameroon with head quarter at Yola.
• Power was transferred from the former kirdi overlords to the fulbe in their Adorates.
• Islamic because the dorminant religion in north Cameroon.
• The Adulteration of Islam ended with the introduction and observance of the five pillars of Islam.
• Koran became the main document used in Islam teaching.
• Fulbe language the fufulde because the linqual- Franca of north Cameroon.
  *Negative effects or Repercussion
• Forceful migration of the kirdis who did not want to welcome Islam. E.g The Tikars left north Cameroon for the western grasslands.
• Former kirdir overlord lost political power.
• Significant loss of lives in the course of the Jihads especially among the indigenous population.

CONCLUSION
The causes of the Jihads were many and the consequences were far-reaching which can be grouped under positive and negative effects.

A. PART I: Causes of Fulani Jihads in North Cameroon
*Religious causes

• The desire to purify Islam
• The desire to create an ideal Islamic state in north Cameroon
• To respect the malikite code of law
  
  

*Political causes

• The desire to seize political power from the indigenous leaders.

• To end the bad government practiced by the indigenous rulers.
• To create a theocratic states which will be governed by pure Muslims, Islamic laws and malikite code
  
  

*Economic causes

• To secure Muslims wealth
• The desire to end high taxes imposed on the Fulani by pagan rulers.
• To seized land.
  
  

A. Role of various arms of Administration in the Grasslands and Forest Regions before colonization.

• The Fon OR Chief was one of the administrative arms of machinery. In the Grasslands Fon acted as high priests, commander in chief of the arm forces, have power over life and death. In the forest region, the chiefs were symbol of authority. The regulated diplomatic relations with neighbouring villages.
• Regulatory societies were another arm of administration common in the Grassland and forest regions on the eve of European Colonization of Cameroon. Regulatory societies such as Kwifor acted as Judge and execution of criminals. They also check the excesses of the Fon, supervision and entertainment of Funcrals and performed rituals function.
• The traditional council and council of elders. This arm of administration decide dates

• for festivals, settled marital problems, acted as appeal courts to handled problems relating to murder e.g Bakossi

• The military arms or clubs. This arm initiates military strategies, special dances, defend the tribe during wars, responsible for the fortification of members against charms. For example the Manjong in Bafut.
• The women arm also called "Mafor". This arm received others important women from other tribes like Mafor in Kom land. This arm also advised the fon or chief in taking certain decisions.

A) SIMILARITIES (Comparism)

• There was the prevalence of law and order in both regions though using difference methods.
• Both governments depended on the loyalty of their subjects.
• The two governments had an authority whose role was important for the maintenance of political and social Cohesion.
• Both systems had checks and balances or role of authority respected.
• Ancestral worship was common in both systems and both believed in the existence of a supreme God.
• They both practiced patrilineal succession.
• Political leadership in both societies was reserved for men.
• Diviners existed in both societies and illnesses were considered supernatural
• Both had secret societies for rituals e.g Ngwerong in the grassland and Menang and Etoh in Bangwa in the coastal region.

B) PART II: Differences (Contrasts)

• In the Grassland, the communities had centralized Authorities with the Fon, chief or lamido wielding much power and influence at the centre. For example Bamum, Bafut Nso, Kom, while in the coastal region. Power was shared amongst the Lineage heads e.g Bakweri .
• There existence of powerful regulatory societies in the Grassland like Kwifor in Mankon and Bafut, Ngwerong in Nso. These bodies acted as advisory and judicial bodies to the Fon while these societies did not have such influences in the coastal region.
• Existence of traditional authorities in the Grassfield was based on hereditary and considered Divine. This was not the case in the coastal region.
• Women played an important role in administration in the Grassfield Kingdoms e.g. The "Mafor" in Bafut "Nafom" in Kom, "Yayewong" in Nso etc. this was almost absent in the coastal communities.
• In the Grassland, there were hierarchical administrative systems with the Fon or Lamido at the top assisted by sub-chiefs and village council. This governmental organization was negligible in the coastal region.
• In the Grassland there existed military clubs such as "Manjong" among the Bafut to defend the territorial integrity of the Fondom. This was absent amongst the coastal communities.
• Political Leader in the Grassland enjoyed enormous economic power as the fons controlled all communal land and were supplied with periodic labour by their subjects.

A) Political features or organization.

• People lived in independent settlement with centralized and decentralized political systems.
• Political power was vested in the hands of Lineage heads called kings, Fons, Lamidos and sultans.
• There was the existence of war clubs which defended the land e.g Manjong in Bafut, Njong in Kom.
• There was the existence of regulatory societies e.g Ngumba, Ngwerong.
• Women played important role e.g Mafor.
  B) Economic Features

• Trade was by Barter system.
• There was the practice of subsistence agriculture on seasonal bases.
• Pottery and Iron smelting was practiced in Metta and Babungo Fondom.
• Fishing and hunting was Cameroon practice.
  C) Social Features

• The societies was organized into villages, chiefdoms and ethnic groups.
• Education was informal.
• Healing was undertaking by herbalist.
• Belief in many gods (polytheism)

Conclusion
Present a summary of the main issues raised and take a position to debunked the Eurocentric view

PART I : The contribution of the Jihads and dynastic quarrels to the movements of people in pre-colonial Cameroon.
*Role of Jihads / Islamization

• The Jihads was launched on northern Nigeria by uthman Dan Fodio to purify Islam and to convert the non-believers into Islam.
• The holy war was then spread from northern Nigeria to northern Cameroon. Thanks to the initiative of Modibo Adama who from his base at Yola carried out attacks at the people of Maroua, Garoua,Tibati and people of the mandara mountain between 1808 and 1817.
• These Jihads caused an involuntary movement of many people from the north to move out to diverse directions. For example, the kirdi, Bata, Bali, Chomba moved towards the south of Cameroon because they never wanted to be converted into Islam. The Jihads also caused the involuntary migration of some tribes like tupuri,

PART I: THE ROLE OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC EACTORS FOR MIGRATION AT THE COASTAL REGION OF CAMEROON

• The need for fertile land was one of the reasons of migration at the coastal region in pre-colonial Cameroon. For example, the migration of Bakweri people from the wouri area to the slope of mount Cameroon for the fertile volcanic soils.
• Fishing opportunities was one of the factors which trigal population mobility in the coastal region in the  Cameroon. For example, the Dualas left the pitti area to present day river wouri because of their desire to do fishing.
• Transport opportunities also trigal movements at the coast of Cameroon in the  century. For example the migration of the Dualas from pitti to present day was thanks to river wouri which they sail through.
• Cultural Affinities was another potential factor that trigal movements at the coastal region of pre-colonial Cameroon. For example the movement of the Dualas and Bakweri people from their original site to the wouri estuary which the Bakwerians later separated was highly influence by their cultures. Today, the similarities existing between cultures of Dualas and Bakweri people are as a result of their past history.

PART II: Other factors that caused movements at the coastal region of  Cameroon

• Succession disputes. This usually arises following the death of a king, chief or Fon of the clan without any clear arrangement for his succession. Hence the children are bound to quarrel, split and consequently forced to move out. For example, in the coastal region, as Douala clan grows under king Bell, by early  century, lineages began like Akwa cut of and set himself as king Akwn of Akwn town; soon, the leaders of Bonaberi Bonapriso and Bonanjo also separated from King Bell.
• Inter-tribal wars were common. In the coastal region the Dualas attacked on Bakossi forcing them to migrate out.
• German harsh rule
• The search for peace e.g Douala war with the Bakweri people in river wouri area forcing the Bakweri to migrate to the slope of mount Cameroon for peace.

Conclusively, socio-economic factors like transport opportunities, the need for fertile land, cultural affinities were the outstanding factors that greatly caused population movement in the coastal region in the  century Cameroon. They were other outstanding factors which were working together to trigal movements at the coastal region of Cameroon. The resultant effects of these movements were many and variet.As it led to chiefdoms and cultural varieties

A. PART I: How economic factors contributed to migrations in the western grassland.

• The search for grazing land. This was an important factor among the cattle rearers. For example large Fulani communities migrated and settled in areas like sabga hills, Ndop, Fundong, Kumbo, Wum etc. because of available pasture.
• The search for fertile lands. For example, the Kom had settled in Babessi area because of the fertile soils, the Bamilekes settled at Mbo plain because of fertile land for agriculture.
• Employment opportunities equally caused migration in the grassland region. For example large number of Balis moved following the Zintgraff-Galega I treaty, to work on German plantation at the coast.
• Improvements in the means of transport greatly encouraged migration in the western grassland. For example the development of foot paths into motor way by the Europeans when they established plantations at the coast. Many tribes like menemo, Moghamo, Bafut in the western grassfield moved to the coast in search of better opportunities.

 PART II: Other factors that caused migration in the grassland region.
*Political causes

• Inter-Tribal wars: This was common among ethnic groups. These wars occurred because of the desire by one tribal group to dominate another. Hence forced a peaceful group to migrate out. Example the movement of a fraction OR portion of Nkwen up Bamenda station hill was due to their constant wars with the mankon, Bafut, Bali peoples.
• Payment of tributes was another Political reason for the migration in the western grassland region in the  Cameroon. Tribute were usually fines imposed on a weaker OR defeated tribes by the victorious tribe. Such fines were usually heavy on the vanquished to pay. The result was their out migration from the area. For example the Tingoh and Obang people escapedfrom Bafut people to settle in their present day locations due to heavy tribute imposed on them by the Bafut people.
• Succession disputes were another factor.

• Social factors include

• Natural disasters
• Population pressure
  In conclusion, economic considerations as well as socio-political factors were all forces that trigger the mobility of people in the  century western grass field Cameroon. These movements had far-reading consequences among some were increased inter-tribal wars multiplicity of kingdoms and chiefdoms, Adoption of new culture varieties.